Research

1.

1 point

Data analysis in qualitative studies cannot begin until data saturation is achieved.

True

False

2.

1 point

A 99% CI would be wider than a 95% CI.

True

False

3.

1 point

Lincoln and Guba's quality framework created criteria that paralleled criteria used by quantitative researchers.

True

False

4.

1 point

A statistically significant finding means that the obtained results are not likely to have been due to chance.

True

False

5.

1 point

Blood type is measured on the:

Ratio scale

Ordinal scale

Interval scale

Nominal scale

6.

1 point

The use of inferential statistics permits researchers to:

Interpret descriptive statistics

Estimate risk and relative risk

Describe information obtained from empirical observation

Draw conclusions about a population based on information gathered from a sample

7.

1 point

Nonsignificant results cannot be clinically significant.

True

False

8.

1 point

A researcher makes a Type II error. This could occur because of:

Problems with adequately implementing the intervention

Inadequate sample size

Unreliable data collection instruments

All of the above

9.

1 point

A Type I error refers to the researcher's concluding that no difference exists when, in fact, a difference does exist.

True

False

10.

1 point

For which of the following levels of significance is the risk of making a Type I error lowest?

0.001

0.05

0.01

0.10

11.

1 point

Information about the magnitude of importance typically takes the form of:

Effect size estimates

Significance levels

Correlation coefficients

Confidence intervals

12.

1 point

A +50 correlation of coefficient indicates a weaker relation than does a correlation of -0.75

True

False

13.

1 point

The process referred to as constant comparison involves:

Comparing two researchers interpretation of the data

Comparing the researcher's interpretation of the data against study participants' interpretation

Comparing data segments against other segments for similarity and dissimilarity

Comparing data from the study with data and categories from other, similar studies

14.

1 point

One of the characteristics of a normal distribution is that:

It is bimodal

95% of the values are within tow standard deviations above and below the mean.

The mean is 100

The values are positively skewed

15.

1 point

Data source triangulation involves collecting similar information on the topics of interest from multiple types of informants.

True

False

16.

1 point

With screening or diagnostic instruments, the concept indicating the instrument's ability to correctly identify a "case" (ie, to screen or diagnose a condition correctly) is:

Sensitivity

Stability

Sensibility

Specificity

17.

1 point

The steps involved in using test statistics include all of the following, except:

Selecting the level of significance

Calculating the theoretical distribution for the test statistic

Determining the degree of freedom

Determining the appropriate statistic to be used

18.

1 point

One of the features of qualitative analysis is that there are a number of universal formal rules that facilitate the process:

True

False

19.

1 point

Cronbach's alpha is used to determine which of the following attributes of an instrument?

Stability

Equivalence

Sensitivity

Internal Consistency

20.

1 point

There is considerable agreement among qualitative researchers that the LIncoln and Guba framework should be used by researchers in all qualitative traditions.

True

False

21.

1 point

What should researchers do to verify transcription accuracy?

Use a word processor's spell-check and grammar-check program

Ask all the study participants to review the transcriptions for accuracy

Listen to the audiotapes as they are reading the transcriptions for accuracy

Transcribe the data themselves

22.

1 point

Reliability refers to the extent to which an instrument measures the concept that the researcher thinks is being measured?

True

False

23.

1 point

A member check involves reviewing data with:

A second member of the research team

A peer of the researcher

A study participant

An external auditor

24.

1 point

Validation of themes by conferring with study participants was specifically considered inappropriate by:

Giorgi

Glaser

Strauss

Colazzi

25.

1 point

This is an example of a negative correlation: As daily sodium intake increased, blood pressure readings got higher.

True

False

26.

1 point

The criterion of credibility concerns confidence in the truth of the data and their interpretations.

True

False

27.

1 point

Which of the following statements is true?

Support of a researcher's hypothesis through statistical testing offers proof of its veracity.

A correlation between two variables indicates that the independent variable caused the dependent variable.

The results of statistical testing have a direct meaning.

Evaluating the credibility of a study typically involves careful assessment of methodologic decision

28.

1 point

The measure of central tendency that is most stable is the:

Mean

Median

They are all equivalent

Mode

29.

1 point

The median is affected by the value of each individual score.

True

False

30.

1 point

A coefficient alpha of 0.93 on a new scale would provide evidence that the scale is internally consistent.

True

False

31.

1 point

A widely used index of risk used among practitioners of EBP is:

The F ratio

The odds ratio

Pearson's r

Absolute risk

32.

1 point

Identify what the number 50 would be called in the following statement: 95% CI for the mean of 60 = 50 to 70.

The effect size

The point estimate

The probability value

The lower confidence limit

33.

1 point

It is not meaningful to calculate an arithmetic average with data from which of the following?

Ordinal measures

Nominal measures

Nominal and ordinal measures

All measures can be meaningfully averaged

34.

1 point

If the bulk of scores on a test occurred at the upper end of the distribution, the distribution could be described as:

Negatively skewed

Positively skewed

Normal

Bimodal

35.

1 point

Which of the following is not a term that is considered an aspect of trustworthiness within the Lincoln and Guba framework?

Transferability

Confirmability

Dependability

Stability

36.

1 point

The use of prolonged engagement in the collection of qualitative data enhances which of the following to the greatest degree?

Dependability

Credibility

Confirmability

Transferability

37.

1 point

A quality-enhancement strategy about which there is a considerable controversy is:

Negative case analysis

Inquiry audits

Member checks

Stepwise replications

38.

1 point

If a researcher studying family response to adolescent suicide interviewed parents and siblings independently, the triangulation approach method would be called:

Data source triangulation

Investigator triangulation

Theory triangulaiton

Method triangulation

39.

1 point

Investigator triangulation involves the analysis of a date set by both qualitative and quantitative researchers.

True

False

40.

1 point

The symbol X represents:

An effect size

A mean

An individual score

Total sample size

41.

1 point

In analysis of the covariance, a covariate is generally:

Either the independent or dependent variable

A confounding variable

The dependent variable

An independent variable

42.

1 point

Dependability in qualitative research is considered the analog of which criterion in quantitative research?

Internal validity

Construct validity

Specificity

Reliability

43.

1 point

Degrees such as associates's, bachelor's, master's, and doctorate correspond to measures of which of the following scales?

Interval

Ratio

Ordinal

Nominal

44.

1 point

The difference between a true score and an obtained score is referred to as?

Interobserver disagreement

Internal Inconsistency

Nonequivalence

Error of measurement

45.

1 point

Steps generally employed in the analysis of qualitative data include all of the following except:

Searching for themes

Validating themes

Testing hypothesis

Developing coding scheme

46.

1 point

Persistent observation concerns the salience of data being gathered and contributes to data credibility.

True

False

47.

1 point

The level of measurement that classifies and ranks objects in terms of the degree to which they possess the attribute of interest?

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

48.

1 point

In grounded theory studies, the initial process of braking down, categorizing, and coding the data is often referred to as:

Core coding

Open coding

Axial coding

Selective coding

49.

1 point

A measure of which of the following traits would be a particularly good candidate for a test-retest reliability assessment?

Fatigue

Mood

Fear of heights

Anxiety

50.

1 point

If the coefficient alpha for a stress scale was computed to be 0.80, the scale would be:

A valid indicator of stress

Of acceptably high quality

Of less acceptable reliability than a scale with an alpha of 0.50

Of indeterminate reliability until the scale's test-retest reliability was assessed

51.

1 point

The first major step that a researcher must undertake in a qualitative analysis is:

Entering information into files

Developing a system for organizing and indexing the data

The use of quasi-statistics

A search for major themes

52.

1 point

In both in-depth interviews and participants observations were used to collect data on a phenomenon in a study, this would be referred to as:

Data source triangulation

Method of triangulation

Investigator triangulation

Theory triangulation

53.

1 point

The continuum of qualitative analysis styles ranges from a systematic style to an intuitive and interpretive style.

True

False

54.

1 point

A group of 100 students took a test. The mean was 85, the standard deviation was 5, and the scores were normally distibuted. About how many of the 100 scores fell between 80 and 90>

68

Imposible to determine

95

34

55.

1 point

Information about the precision of results typically takes the form of:

Significance levels

Confidence intervals

Effect size estimates

Correlation coefficients