AP Test 12

1.

1 point

DNA template strand 5'_____________________3'
DNA Complementary Strand 3'_____________________5'

Given the locally unwound double strand above, in which direction does the RNA polymerase move?

3' -> 5' along the template strand

5' -> 3' along the double-stranded DNA

3' -> 5' along the complementary strand

5' -> 3' along the complementary strand

5' -> 3' along the template strand

2.

1 point

Which of the following best describes a model organism?

It is often pictured in textbooks and easy for students to imagine.

It is well studied, easy to grow, and results are widely applicable.

It is small, inexpensive to raise, and lives a long time.

It has been chosen for study by the earliest biologists.

It lends itself to many studies that are useful to beginning students.

3.

1 point

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data? (Figure 6.2)

Nongerminating peas are not alive, and show no difference in rate of respiration at different temperatures.

The amount of oxygen consumed could be increased if pea seeds were substituted for corn seeds.

The rate of respiration in the germinating seeds would have been higher if the experiment were conducted in sunlight.

The rate of respiration increases as the temperature increases in both germinating and nongerminating seeds.

The rate of respiration is higher in nongerminating seeds than in germinating seeds.

4.

1 point

DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the (link, Figure 13.3) to answer the following questions.

Which sample might represent an animal cell in G2 phase of the cell cycle?

I

either II and III

II

III

Both I and II

5.

1 point

In E. coli, there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the origin.Which of the following would you expect as a result of this mutation?

No proofreading will occur.

The DNA will supercoil.

Replication will occur via RNA polymerase alone.

No replication fork will be formed.

Replication will require a DNA template from another source.

6.

1 point

The differences among the three categories of cytoskeletal elements outlined in the table (Figure 1001) above would suggest that each of the following has specialized roles. Which of the following is a correct match? (All three molecules are involved in the maintenance of cell shape.)

microfilaments and the nuclear lamina

microfilaments and cilary motion

intermediate fibers and cytoplasmic streaming

microtubules and chromosome movement

microtubules and the cleavage furrow formation

7.

1 point

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

plant cells can have lower surface-to-volume ratios than animal cells because plant cells synthesize their own nutrients.

plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.

plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells.

plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.

animal cells are more spherical, whereas plant cells are elongated.

8.

1 point

Using Figure 6.2, which of the following is a true statement based on the data?

The rate of oxygen consumption is higher for nongerminating corn at 12°C than at 22°C.

The rate of oxygen consumption in the germinating corn at 12°C at 10 minutes is 0.4 ml O2/minute.

If the experiment were run for 30 minutes, the rate of oxygen consumption would decrease.

The amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 22°C is approximately twice the amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 12°C.

The rate of oxygen consumption is the same in both germinating and nongerminating corn during the initial time period from 0 to 5 minutes.

9.

1 point

For a science fair project, two students decided to repeat the Hershey and Chase experiment, withmodifications. They decided to label the nitrogen of the DNA, rather than the phosphate. They reasoned thateach nucleotide has only one phosphate and two to five nitrogens. Thus, labeling the nitrogens would providea stronger signal than labeling the phosphates. Why wonʹt this experiment work?

Avery et al. have already concluded that this experiment showed inconclusive results.

Radioactive nitrogen has a half-life of 100,000 years, and the material would be too dangerous for toolong.

There is no radioactive isotope of nitrogen.

Amino acids (and thus proteins) also have nitrogen atoms; thus, the radioactivity would not distinguishbetween DNA and proteins.

Although there are more nitrogens in a nucleotide, labeled phosphates actually have 16 extra neutrons;therefore, they are more radioactive.

10.

1 point

What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope?

The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer.

The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size.

The electron microscope cannot image whole cells at one time.

Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal.

Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.

11.

1 point

A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be..
(refer to genetic code Fig. 1)

5 AUG -CTG - CAG- TAT 3

5 TTG- CTA - CAG- TAG 3

3 AAC -GAC - GUC- AUA 5

3 AAA- AAT- ATA- ACA- 5

3 AAA- GAA- TAA- CAA 5

12.

1 point

The sodium-potassium pump in animal cells requires cytoplasmic ATP to pump ions across the plasma
membrane. When the proteins of the pump are first synthesized in the rough ER, what side of the ER
membrane will the ATP binding site be on?

It will be on the cytoplasmic side of the ER.

It will be on the side facing the interior of the ER.

It could be facing in either direction because the orientation of proteins is scrambled in the Golgi apparatus.

It doesnʹt matter, because the pump is not active in the ER.

13.

1 point

This a map of four genes on a chromosome (See Fig. 15.1)

Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination?

A and G

E and G

A and E

A and W

W and E

14.

1 point

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular
respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation

glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

15.

1 point

In a cross AaBbCc X AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC?

1/64

1/16

1/8

1/32

1/4

16.

1 point

n the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in Figure 16.1 would be expected after one round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N?

C

A

B

D

E

17.

1 point

In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be

completely covered with phospholipids

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region.

hydrophilic

exposed on only one surface of the membrane

hydrophobic

18.

1 point

When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

0%

50%

100%

75%

25%

19.

1 point

Which of these individuals is most likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense?

a reproductively sterile individual who never falls ill

an organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce

a male who mates with 20 females and fathers one offspring that lives to reproduce

a female who mates with 20 males and produces one offspring that lives to reproduce

an organism that lives 100 years and leaves 2 offspring, both of whom survive to reproduce

20.

1 point

A group of asci formed from crossing light-spored Sordaria with dark-spored produced the results in Figure 0.

How many of these asci contain a spore arrangement that resulted from crossing over?

3

15

10

8

7

21.

1 point

At a speciﬁc area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens toform a replication fork:3' C C T A G G C (T) G C A A T C C 5'An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence?

5' G C C T A G G 3'

5' A C G T T A G G 3'

5' A C G U U A G G 3'

3' G C C T A G G 5'

5' G C C U A G G 3'

22.

1 point

According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct?

Some enzymes change their structure when activators bind to the enzyme.

The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site.

The active site creates a microenvironment ideal for the reaction.

The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site.

A competitive inhibitor can outcompete the substrate forthe active site.

23.

1 point

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

the citric acid cycle

glycolysis

the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

24.

1 point

Which curve(s) on the graphs (Figure 1003) may represent the temperature and pH profiles of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in a mildly alkaline hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?

curves 2 and 4

curves 3 and 5

curves 2 and 5

curves 1 and 5

curves 3 and 4

25.

1 point

If an organism is diploid and a certain gene found in the organism has 18 known alleles (variants), then any given organism of that species can/must have which of the following?

a haploid number of 9 chromosomes

up to 18 chromosomes with that gene

up to 18 genes for that trait

at most, 2 alleles for that gene

up to, but not more than, 18 different traits

26.

1 point

Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.

These results indicate which of the following?

Brown is dominant to black.

There is incomplete dominance.

Yellow is dominant to black.

Epistasis is involved.

Black is dominant to brown and to yellow.

27.

1 point

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the (link!) to answer the following questions.

Which sample might represent a zygote?

III

I

either I or II

either II or III

II

28.

1 point

Which of the following categories of organisms is least likely to be revised?

order

phylum

class

kingdom

species

29.

1 point

Which of the following provides some evidence that RNA probably evolved before DNA?

RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template.

DNA polymerase uses primer, usually made of RNA.

DNA polymerase has proofreading function.

RNA polymerase does not require localized unwinding of the DNA.

RNA polymerase makes a single-stranded molecule.

30.

1 point

A woman who has blood type A positive, has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a simple dominant trait over Rh negative designated by the alleles R and r, respectively.

Which of the following is the probable genotype for the son?

IBi

IBIA

IAIA

ii

IBIB

31.

1 point

Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of these reasons?

Prokaryotes produce Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, but eukaryotes do not.

Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many.

The rate of elongation during DNA replication is slower in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.

The prokaryotic chromosome has histones, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes do not.

Prokaryotes have telomeres, and eukaryotes do not.

32.

1 point

In Figure 1000, why does the reaction rate plateau at higher reactant concentrations?

Feedback inhibition by product occurs at high reactant concentrations.

Most enzyme molecules are occupied by substrate at high reactant concentrations.

The rate of the reverse reaction increases with reactant concentration.

The activation energy for the reaction increases with reactant concentration.

The reaction nears equilibrium at high reactant concentrations.

33.

1 point

What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence?
5' AUG - UCU - UCG - UUA - UCC - UUG

met-arg-glu-arg-glu-arg

met-glu-arg-arg-gln-leu

met-leu-phe-arg-glu-glu

met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu

met-ser-leu-ser-leu-ser

34.

1 point

Thomas Hunt Morgan's choice of Drosophila melanogaster has been proven to be useful even today. Which of the following has/have continued to make it a most useful species?

I. its four pairs of chromosomes
II. a very large number of visible as well as biochemically mutant phenotypes
III. easy and inexpensive maintenance
IV. short generation time and large number of offspring

II and III only

I and IV only

I, II, III, IV, and V

I, II, and III only

II, III, and IV only

35.

1 point

Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semipermeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.
Which line or lines in the graph (Figure 1002) represents the bag that contain a solution that is hypertonic at 50 minutes?

D and E

C

D

B

A and B

36.

1 point

A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on chromosome 19, as shown in Figure 13.4.

A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosome and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome is expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis?

Each egg has 1/4 chance of having blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations.

All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations.

Each egg has a 3/4 chance of having blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations.

37.

1 point

Why does ice float in liquid water?

The crystalline lattice of ice causes itto be denser than liquid water

The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent it from sinking.

Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat.

the high surface tension of liquid water keeps the ice on top

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

38.

1 point

A biochemist isolates and purifies various molecules needed for DNA replication. When she adds some DNA, replication occurs, but each DNA molecule consists of a normal strand paired with numerous segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. What has she probably left out of the mixture?

primase

nucleotides

DNA polymerase

Okazaki fragments

DNA ligase

39.

1 point

When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer.
The best explanation for this is that

the carbon-carbon bonds of the phospholipid tails are easily broken.

hydrophilic interactions between the opposite membrane surfaces are destroyed on freezing.

the hydrophobic interactions that hold the membrane together are weakest at this point.

water that is present in the middle of the bilayer freezes and is easily fractured.

the integral membrane proteins are not strong enough to hold the bilayer together.

40.

1 point

ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

nuclear envelope

cytoplasm

rough ER

Golgi apparatus

mitochandria

41.

1 point

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt × BBtt will have black fur and long tails?

1/2

9/16

3/8

1/16

3/16

42.

1 point

A controlled experiment is one in which

the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate.

The experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data

There are at least 2 groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment.

There are at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables.

There is one group for which the scientist controls all variables

43.

1 point

Some students were not able to get many data points in this experiment because the solution went from blue to colorless in only 5 minutes for the unboiled chloroplasts exposed to light. What modification to the experiment do you think would be most likely to provide better results?

Double the volume of DPIP so that the solution has a lower initial transmittance.

Increase the number of drops of chloroplasts used.

Boil the chloroplast in order to further disrupt the thylakoid membrane

Select a different plant material, and blend it more thoroughly.

44.

1 point

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

D) During the S phase of the cell cycle there will be 32 separate chromosomes.

E) A gamete from this species has 4 chromosomes.

C) Each cell has 8 homologous pairs.

B) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.

A) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell.

45.

1 point

In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male?

tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males

tortoiseshell females; black males

orange females; orange males

black females; orange males

orange females; black males

46.

1 point

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a
salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are

hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.

hypertonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.

hypotonic to fresh water but hypertonic to the salt solution.

isotonic with fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.

hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.

47.

1 point

In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe?

Mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic.

Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.

Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains.

Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other mice.

Mutant mice were resistant to bacterial infections.

48.

1 point

If a student performed this experiment and got a flat curve, showing very little change in percent transmittance over time, which of these would be the most plausible explanation?

The rate of photosynthesis was very high.

The DPIP was already reduced when the experiment began.

The intensity of light may have been too great for a reaction to occur.

The chlorophyll was damaged and could not respond to light.

49.

1 point

If a cell has completed the first meiotic division and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents?

It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell.

It is identical in content to another cell from the same meiosis.

It has the same number of chromosomes but each of them has different alleles than another cell from the same meiosis.

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the originating cell.

50.

1 point

When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes insulin and as a result blood glucose levels decline. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagons and as a result the blood glucose levels rise. Such regulation of blood glucose levels is the result of

bioinformatic regulation

positive feedback

negative feedback

catalytic feedback

protein-protein interactions