chapter 13

Subduction is where the denser plate is forced deep below the surface; this is associated with.......

Divergent plate boundary that occurs in crosshatched pattern, thus creating transform movement.. this describes a Transform fault, which is common along mid-oceanic ridges

The Mantle is the largest interior zone, it is made up of solid rocky material.

Geometric fit of continental coastlines, Cross-ocean similarities in animal and plant fossils, part glaciation in current tropical/desert climates; tropical fossils in current polar climates; are examples of what?

When magma changes to a solid it form intrusive igneous rocks?

_____ _____ is the climatologist in the early 1900's, who came up with the theory of Continental Drift

_____________ is the theory that Internal and external Earth processes operate today in the same manner as they have for millions of years

Altered metamorphic rock IS NOT harder and more compact; and more resistant to weathering

A wide variety of crustal activity occurs at areas of tectonic plate convergence.

Subducting plates DO NOT create enormous friction that explains major earthquakes in certain regions. It also DOES NOT explain spatial distribution of mountain ranges, volcanoes, and ocean trenches

The uppermost mantle layer and the crust form a unit called the Lithosphere

_____ rocks are formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks

_____ is the theory that landscapes are created by cataclysmic events; implies spontaneous event

Mineral material is eroded, transported, and deposited; This material is often accumulated in ________ layers

The lithosphere plates move as distinct and discrete units, in some places they pull away from each other (In other words they ______) and other places they Push together ( they _________)

Three major rock categories are Igneous, Sedimentary, and metamorphic

A mass of solid rock that has not been weathered is called ______

Oceanic crusts composition is Basaltic; Dark, fine-grained extrusive rock

These are three major categories of sedimentary rocks

Farther into the mantle is the Asthenosphere, a thick layer of plastic mantle material.

The Crust is 1% of the Earth's mass, and is significantly less dense than the core and mantle

Critical evidence of plate tectonics found when studying sea floor there IS a similarity between mid-oceanic ridges and continental coastlines.

Intrusive- Molten material that solidifies _______ Earth's surface

_______ ; Iron-bearing rocks and minerals indicate Earth' magnetic field as it was when they solidified; Revealed that continents were grouped together 200 million years ago

When plates slide along each other they move laterally

Continental Crust is less thick than continental crust

Accretion is the most well supported process of continental growth; Growth of a continent by adding large pieces of crust along its border by plate tectonic collision.

Plate _____ ; 2 plates pull apart; directly related to seafloor spreading, and continental rift valleys

The Mantle does NOT behave as a plastic solid

_____: dissolved minerals accumulated and deposited on sea and/or lake bottoms

__ ___ is a mass of hot molten rock material at a fixed location beneath a lithospheric plate. Oceanic plate can move over this.

________ is the modern theory explaining the movements of continents

Divergence, Convergence, and Transform are 3 types of plate movement

Hawaii is NOT an example of a hot spot

________ rocks: form from cooled magma or lava; Can be melted and reformed into new igneous rocks; Can be altered into metamorphic rocks; Can be weathered into fragments that are eroded, transported, deposited to form sedimentary rocks

______ : Solidified rock from the remains of organisms (plants and animals)

Critical evidence of plate tectonics found when studying sea floor there IS NOT bands of alternating magnetic properties moving away from mid-oceanic ridges, and the rocks on the seafloor are not geologically young

Most sedimentary rocks display distinctive layering referred to as stratification.

______ is movement of oceanic crust in opposite directions away from the mid-ocean ridges, associated with the formation of new crust at the ridges and subduction of old crust at ocean margins.

Sedimentary Rocks are formed from accumulated sediments; Mineral material is eroded, transported, and deposited.

Extrusive is _____ material that solidifies ____ Earth's surface (lava)

Two types of igneous rock are Extrusive and Intrusive

"Warm mantle material rises near mid-oceanic ridges, spreads out laterally, fractures the seafloor in the mid-oceanic ridge where molten basalt wells up and cools, forming new ocean floor" describes what?

Oceanic volcanoes, like Iceland, often mark oceanic plate _______

The Inner core is _____ and the outer core is ______

San Andreas fault zone is an example of transform movement

______ is 1/3 of Earth's mass

Which is the structure of the earth in order from inner to outer...

______ discontinuity is a boundary between mantle and crust

The Continental drift is the idea that continents and other landmasses have shifted their positions during Earth history

_________ rocks: consist of particles from any of the other 3 rock types; Can be altered into metamorphic rocks

Oceanic Crust is more dense than Continental Crust

The Mantle is 2/3 of the Earth's crust

______ crust is composed of Granitic; Light, coarse grained intrusive rock

Tectonic forces are not: large-scale forces that break and deform Earth's crust, sometimes resulting in earthquakes, and often responsible for for mountain building.

Transform Movement describes....

Oxygen and Silicon are the two most common elements in Earth's crust

Convection is a process by which a circulation is produced within an air mass or fluid body also, in tectonic plate theory, the method whereby heat is transferred to Earth's surface from deep within the mantle.

Critical evidence of plate tectonics found when studying sea floor there are the oldest seafloor rocks near continents and get younger towards the mid-oceanic ridges, and hottest seafloor rocks are found near mid-oceanic ridges and become cooler away from mid-oceanic ridges.

_________ means changed form

________ rocks: Sedimentary or igneous rocks can be altered into metamorphic rocks

Enormous heat and pressure deep in Earth's crust CAN alter an existing rock into a new rock type that is completely different from the original by re-crystalizing the minerals WITHOUT creating molten rock matter

New Oceanic _____ is created near mid-oceanic ridges and older crust is being destroyed along other margins of ocean basins

The two types of crust are _____ & _______

A continental collision causes two landmasses to fuse or join together, creating a new larger land mass

The Lithosphere (crust and upper most mantle) is broken into several distinct segments; and these plates sit on the plastic, flowing aesthenosphere

Plate Convergence is where two plates push together