Chapter 14

What are the 3 primary types of Tectonic Forces?

____ is the displacement of rocks along a fracture

The inclination of rock layer is called the....

A reverse fault represent Compressional forces

A thrust fault or Over-thrust represents Tensional Forces

A strike a slip fault represents which force?

A Normal Fault represents Tensional forces

Tectonic Forces that push two areas of crustal rocks together tend to shorten and thicken the crust. This describes _____

Folding, Which is a bending or wrinkling of rock layers, occurs when compressional forces are applied to rocks that are ductile(bendable), as opposed to brittle. Related to Compressional Forces

The rocks lying at great depths under the crust are under intense pressure and temperature(plastic)
These rock layers are bendable, and fold (folding)

The five types of folds consist of....

Compressional: Rocks lying near the surface are more brittle, and too rigid to bend, and instead of folding, these rock layers break and mve relative to one another along a fault (faulting)

Upfolds are called ______ and down folds are called ______

Asymmetrical folded rocks may become overturned and perhaps so compressed that the fold lies horizontally: These are known as _______ folds

Tensional tectonic forces pull in opposite directions in a way that stretches and thins the impacted part of the crust

_____ Forces causes crust to be broken into ____ blocks that are separated by a ____ fault, rather than substantially stretching or bending plastically

Tensional Forces often create parallel normal faults across a region

Typical Landforms associated with tensional Tectonic Forces are...

Each block that slid downward between two normal faults, or that remained in place while blocks on either side slid upward along the faults is called a ______

A fault block that moved relatively upward between two normal faults- that is, it actually moved up or remained in place while adjacent blocks slid downward is a ___________

Sliding action; Dip-Slip faults: Vertical Movements; Normal and reverse faults; Strike-slip (lateral) faults: Horizontal movement... these describe what?

Shearing Tectonic Forces slide parts of Earth's Crust past each other

Endogenic Processes refers to: external (on earth's surface) geomorphic processes

____ is the difference between highest and lowest point of a landscape or land form; often used to describe landscapes or landforms

An Endogenic Processes is internal (with in the Earth) geomorphic processes

Endogenic processes work to increase relief while Exogenic processes minimize relief

Weathering- physical fragmentation and chemical decomposition of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's Surface... This is.......

True or False: Landscapes typically experience slow rates of change due to exogenic and/or endogenic processes

Plutonism refers to the cooling of magma to form intrusive igneous rocks that may be eventually exposed

Volcanism is extrusion of subsurface rock matter to the exterior this refers to the ________ Igneous processes

Igneous intrusions = _______. These are categorized by size and shape. ex: Stock, Batholith, laccolith, sill, dike, volcanic neck

____ is wall-like structures formed when intrusive igneous rocks cuts vertically into surrounding rock; Often appear as vertical walls when exposed. (this is an example of a pluton)

A volcanic neck - tall rock spires that once fed a volcano situated above; erosion over a long time period removes surrounding material, leaving the resistant neck. This is an example of what

_____ forms when molten magma flows horizontally between rock layers and mushroom-like shapes are formed due to location of a magma pipe or stem below.

____- horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rock ( an example of this is Palisades along Hudson River, New York)

Volcanic eruptions are infrequent natural phenomena; they can lead to rapid change in short time periods in relatively stable environments(punctuated equilibrium) the 2 main types are:

Which best describes Effusive

Viscous means flow resistant; less viscous means flows willingly

Pyroclastic material; pieces of volcanic rock, including cinders and ash, solidified from molten material erupted into the air.. This is also referred to to

Pyroclastic ____- airborne density current of hot gasses and rock fragments unleashed by an explosive volcanic eruption

Volcanic landforms depend upon explosiveness of the eruption. Which is not one of the six major volcanic landforms:
Laval flows, Shield Volcanoes, Pahoehoe, Cinder Cones, Composite Cones, Plug Domes, Calderas

lava flow are: Erupted molten rock matter that flowed over the landscape and solidified; Source: volcanoes, fractures Basalitc lava, which has low viscocity is most common _____ type

_____- Extremely fluid, outer layer solidifies and interior still flow; ropy surface

___ - More Viscous, flows less easily; sharp-edged jagged blocky surface

Pahoehoe is explosive or effusive?

Aa is less Viscous than Pahoehoe

Gently sloping, dome-shaped cone; Extremely hot lava; very few explosive eruptions; extremely hot lava can flow long distances before solidifying, creating their signature shape.. this describes ___ volcanoes

____ - smallest type of volcano; associated with gas build-up, leading to explosive eruptions; Built up from pyroclastic material; Creates steep straight sides with a large crater in the center.

Composite cones can be Explosive or Effusive

_______ ____ are classic, concave volcano shape with a gentle slope near the base and a steeper slope near the top. These are often accompanied by pyroclastic flows, and are responsible for extremely violent, hazardous explosions.

Plug domes are extremely viscous

________ are created when extremely viscous lava is pushed into the vents of a volcanic cone and doesn't flow out. ; these have jagged outcrops

Plug domes are not dangerous; not much pressure builds up in the domes.

Calderas are large depressions located in the place of a former summit; They are created when an extreme eruption expels so much material that a depression is left. An example is Crater Lake, Oregon

Yellow Stone is an example of a big ______

A(n) ______- is a series of vibrations or shock waves set in motion by sudden movement along faults.

Earthquake _______ is the measurement representing an earthquake's size in terms of energy released & Earthquake _______- A measure of the impact of an earthquake on humans and their built environment

Earthquakes indicate that our Earth is dynamic, they are evidence of tectonic activity

Earthquake Vibrations are created when stress accumulates along a fault line is released. (energy is released as the stress is relieved by the movement of the crust).

Epicenter - point within Earth's crust or upper mantle where an earthquake originated.

The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earth quake is...

Seismic waves- traveling waves of energy released during an earthquake or other shock; Seismic waves loose energy as they travel, so the most energy, and the strongest shock, is usually felt at the ______

Seismic Body waves travel through the ____ (interior) of the Earth; arrive before surface waves

Body Waves: P Waves are the ___ to arrive; able to travel through, solids, liquids, and gases (this is the rumbling we hear); back and forth motion

S Waves arrive ____ P waves; only travels through solids; up-and-down or side-to-side motion

Surface waves travel through Earth's crust; responsible for most damage; Long waves- fastest surface wave; side to side motion; Rayleigh waves rolling, up-and-down motion similar to surface water waves; responsible for most of the shaking we feel.