Geography Final 2

1.

1 point

Easter Islander had and estimated _______ people at its peak.

10,000

50,000

30,000

100,000

24,000

2.

1 point

The estimated number of people on Easter Island in 1822 was _____

111

500

5,000

3,000

1,200

3.

1 point

The confrontation of Cajamarca occurred because

The Spanish were determined to exploit a numerical advantage before the Incas could reinforce

The Inca king (Atahualpa) tried to ambush the Spanish ambassador

languages differences created misunderstandings that oscillated out of control

the Spanish leader felt he could conquer the Incas most effectively by capturing their leader, holding him for ransom, then executing him.

the Mayans had misinformed the Incas about the Spanish intentions

4.

1 point

The number of aboriginal people was greater prior to European contact than it is today

True

False

5.

1 point

Tongo is

much smaller than Tikopia

considered to be a satellite nation of Tikopia

about the same size as Tikopia

a "bottom-up" governance example

a much larger than Tikopia

6.

1 point

Tikopia's Practices

zero population growth

a unique form of animism

cannibalism

slash and burn (swidden) agriculture

ritual suicide

7.

1 point

Easter Island was discovered by Europeans in ______.

1650

1722

1872

1544

500 AD

8.

1 point

According to Diamond, the root cause of environmental issues is:

man`s inhumanity to man

the inability of humans to anticipate the impacts of their endeavors

agriculture

racism

Eurasian centricity

9.

1 point

Tikopia's forest was

lost to deforestation by the early 1500's

over-harvested until the population crashed, but has now mostly recovered

is mostly fruit and nut bearing trees

a and b

all of the above

10.

1 point

All of the following contributed to Easter Island collapse except:

environment damage from deforestation and unsustainable agriculture practices

Climate change (Little Ice Age)

loss of trade with other islands

invasion by Maori warriors then European colonists

c and d

11.

1 point

First modern humans in Greenland

40,000 BC

30,000 BC

12,000 BC

2000 BC

500 AD

12.

1 point

Piticairn, Henderson, and Mangareva Islands are part of French Polynesia

True

False

13.

1 point

As human development occurs from bands to tribes to chiefdoms to nation states, this development usually indexes increasing environmental impacts because:

increased human numbers

priority shift from gathering the essentials of life to national defense, economic development and improving personal status

vulnerability to kleptocratic governance that is unconcerned with environmental or human rights issues

a technology race ensues to try to increase quality of life and population numbers simultaneously

all the above

14.

1 point

A kleptocracy is

an egalitarian society of hunter/gatherers

a sort of anarchy where individuals do not cooperated at any level for any purpose

a system for transferring net wealth from commoners to upper classes

imperialism by diplomacy

a and b

15.

1 point

Enivronmental issues in North America did not exist prior to

11, 0000 BC

prior to the onset of the Little Ice Age

prior to Asian Immigration across the Beringia land bridge

prior to European contact

prior to the onset of the Medieval Warming Period

16.

1 point

The "little ice age"...

led to discovery and population of the Polynesian islands

was reversed by CO2 greenhouse warming in 1880

coincided with the fall of the Roman Empire and the Medieval era

was called the Younger_Dryas event

occurred from 1650 to 1850

17.

1 point

The geographic area that domesticated animals first was:

Middle East

New World

Africa

China

Europe

18.

1 point

Pitcairn Island Collapse occurred because:

deforestation caused soil erosion and eventual loss of the forest

lack of forest products ended essential sea trade

over-hunting depleted island species, and more than half became expatriated

loss of land suitable for agricultural due to erosion and poor agricultural practices

all of the above

19.

1 point

Mangareva Island Collapse occurred because:

Tonga invaded with a large and well organized force and annexed Mangareva Island as part of the Tonga Kingdom

Deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices caused famine and loss of sea trade

Inter-tribal warfare, including cannibalism reduced population number below critical mass for a functional society

Mangareva did not collapse

b and c

20.

1 point

Tongo collapsed because

deforestation, soil erosion and failure of agriculture

hostile neighbours who attacked after agriculture has failed

the onset of Little Ice Age

a,b, and c

Tonga never did collapse

21.

1 point

Smallpox came from

Cattle

sheep

pigs

IIamas

ducks

22.

1 point

Polynesian people historically used all of the following population regulation mechanisms except :

abortion

virtual suicide

warfare/murder

abstinence

infanticide

23.

1 point

Deforestation is more severe on:

Islands without makaeta than islands with it

big islands than small islands

wet islands than dry islands

b and c

a, b, and c

24.

1 point

Henderson Island collapse occurred because:

hostile enemies attacked when society was weakened by environmental problems

climate change reduced forest regeneration rate and reduced agriculture yields

loss of friendly trade partners

deforestation and unsustainable agriculture resulted in soil erosion

b and d

25.

1 point

Climate change:

began in 1880 with the start of the Industrial Revolution

has always occured

is anthropogenic andirreversable

is the main obstacle to economic norming

was recently discovered to have reversed to a cooling phase

26.

1 point

Easter Island was settled about the same time as

the European "voyages of discovery" began

New Guinea people crossed into Australia

Asian people crossed into North America

First settlers reached the Hawaiian Islands

Pissarro conquered the Incas

27.

1 point

Which of the following islands is not a volcanic island

Mangaia Island

Henderson Island

Piticairn Island

Mangareva Island

Easter Island

28.

1 point

First modern humans in North America

40,000 BC

30,000 BC

12,000 BC

2000 BC

500 AD

29.

1 point

Prior to the use of fossil fuel and agricultural revolution, the practice of agricultural revolution, the practice of agriculture could feed approximately __ time the number of people as hunting/gatherings

5-10

2-3

4-5

10-100

100-1000

30.

1 point

Rapa Nui is

a hip-hop singer/song-writer/environmentalist from the greater Toronto area

A New Guinea tribal leader who wasked Diamond for an explanation for the disparity between his societies "cargo" and that of western nations

the Mayan Kind who resisted Spanish efforts to conquer his kingdom

a type of edible nut that is high in protein and found only on Tikopia

the local name for Easter Island

31.

1 point

The main diseases that caused 90% mortality in New World peoples were

derived from Old World domesticated animals

were spread by rats which became an invasive species in the New world

anthrax based bio-weapons developed to assist in conquest of the New World

were forms of Malaria and Yellow Fever brought over by slaves

the result of filthy person hygiene practices in the Old World

32.

1 point

The development of agriculture was important in human development because:

it gave people enough food that some individuals could specialize in non-food hunter/gather activities

it facilitated keeping domestic animals because people could remain in one place

it allowed human populations to grow and expand

it greatly accelerated human environmental impacts

all of the above

33.

1 point

Last Nenderthals

40,000 BC

30,000 BC

12,000 BC

2000 BC

500 AD

34.

1 point

The Moai of Easter island were:

endemic flightless birds that were eliminated by over-hunting

the stone statues that were erected as a form of ancestor worship

A Jesuit missionary order that brought small pox to the island

the priests who encouraged unsustainable forestry and agricultural practices in order to increase their status and authority

a war-like clan that progressively defeated other clans and came to dominate Easter Island

35.

1 point

The population of Tikopia is:

unpopulated

about 1000

exactly 1115

over 20,000

about 10,000

36.

1 point

Piticairn Island is the most remote island in the South Pacific

True

False

37.

1 point

The examples (success and failure) from the way that peoples of Polynesia managed the finite resources of their islands suggest all of the following except:

local carrying capacity can depend on trade

natural defence must always be viewed as the highest priority for any society

both top-down and bottom up solutions can work provided they are realistic, but unrealistic beliefs and inappropriate values can work against long-term persistence of human societies

ecological carrying capacity can change because of poor land use practices and because of independent natural events

in times of stress, environmental concerns can be ignored (become low priority)

38.

1 point

Which region had the most terrestrial herbivores (avg. weight > 100 Ibs. ) available for domestication?

Eurasiab

Anatarctica

Austrailia

New World

Sub-Saharan Africa

39.

1 point

First modern humans in Austrailia

40,000 BC

30,000 BC

12,000 BC

2000 BC

500 AD

40.

1 point

The people of Easter Island remained on the island after their civilization collapsed because:

they had lost the ability to navigate to other islands

they were kept in a state of denial by the persists

European's prevented emigration because they wanted the populace for plantation labor

all the trees had been cut and they no longer had the materials for sea canoes

they were determined to restore the islands for future generations

41.

1 point

Based on the example of South Pacific examples, human ecological carrying capacity:

is undefined because hum as now exist outside the constraints of nature

is fixed at a set number determined by the geography and ecology of an area

varies depending on climate, technology innovation, cumulative environmental impacts, and social conventions

declines post-settlement due to impacts and the second law of thermodynamics

is unlimited given the human potential for innovation and organization

42.

1 point

The European domination of the New World was greatly assisted by:

complicity and cooperation of aborginal cultues who were eager to adopt European culture and lifestyle

the inevitable and natural progression of bands, tribes and chiefdom to national states.

the moral void of heathen aboriginal and consequential failure to organize into nation states

diplomacy and respect for other cultues

biological warfare conducted against aboriginal people by Europeans.

43.

1 point

First modern humans in Easter Island and Hawaii

40,000 BC

30,000 BC

12,000 BC

2000 BC

500 AD

44.

1 point

Mangais Island is characterized by

has lowland areas that are almost entirely makatea

is inhabited by a society that believes the earth is a super-organism called Gaia

has an abundance of agricultural land that is maintained by crop rotation

a large and productive lagoon

in known as the cornucopia of French Polynesia

45.

1 point

Diamond argues that with respect to agricultural, pastoral, technological, and political development Eurasian people had an advantage because:

they were smart enough to learn from each other rather than try to dominate each other

Christ, Buddha, Mohammad, Confucius were all Eurasians

Eurasians were subjected to extreme levels of natural lection because they were constantly at war, and people there became genetically superior as a result

ideas,innovations, and technology were more easily transmitted beacuse of most of Eurasia is in the temperature zone

all of the above