the rest chapter 10 and chapter 11

A __________ pattern forms in very steep terrain where streams do not have the opportunity to migrate sideways.

The material carried along by the stream itself rolls and bounces along the surface loosening rock by __________.

__________ magmas produce high volume, slow moving, effusive eruptions.

In general, increases in temperature and rainfall will increase the rate of chemical weathering.

Eventually, as the meander becomes larger and more exaggerated, it will be cut off by the formation of a new, shorter section of channel, stranding a small body of water called a/an __________.

Toward the lower reaches of the river, the gradient is less steep and streams form __________ channels that wander back and forth

Fracturing and faulting of the landscape, which forces streams into right angle turns, causes the __________ pattern.

Occasionally, material loosened by weathering or other processes slips downward by gravity alone as a/an __________.

In the upper reaches of the streams, rapid erosion carves __________-shaped valleys.

Together these forces of erosion and deposition smooth out the roughest terrain and flatten the Earth's solid surface.

In carbonation, carbonic acid, a component of rainwater completely dissolves away the __________ at places where water seeps into the ground from above and near underground rivers. This process produces the world's most spectacular caverns and some interesting surface relief as well, such as sinkholes, which form when the roof of caverns collapses.

All of the loosened material by hydraulic actions, called __________, is then transported downstream.

Explosive eruptions often result from __________ magmas.

Perhaps nowhere has levee building reached such a high art as __________'s attempts to control the Huang He (Yellow River).

Because the viscosity is low, mafic magmas tend to produce volcanic cones with gentle slopes, called __________.

Haleakala is a/an __________ volcano.

__________ are breaks in the stream gradient where either waterfalls or steep rapids form.

Mafic magmas are hotter and contain higher density materials, such as iron and magnesium than felsic magmas.

Sediment laid down by flooding rivers often produces very fertile soil, some of the most productive on Earth in fact.

__________, the world's largest mountain, last erupted in 1984, sending lava to within four miles of Hilo town.

In chemical weathering, water solutions may attack a rock and dissolve only part of the matrix, leaving behind a crumbly, corroded surface in a process called __________.

The most common pattern is random branching called a __________ drainage pattern.

As the valley heads join, a narrow ridge forms between them leaving a triangular wedge of the original shield volcano surface called a __________.

The ridge of the Ko'olau mountains, on O'ahu, provides a very clear example of a __________ that separates the drainage basins of streams flowing to the windward and leeward sides.

When sediment-laden rivers empty into oceans or lakes at their mouth, the sediment may form a deposit called a __________.

In the highest mountains in Hawai'i, the freeze/thaw cycle is virtually a daily occurrence and thus frost wedging is quite active. Repeated cycles create a curious sorting of rock fragments into rows called __________.

All of the physical breakdown processes break off small pieces of rocks, which may accumulate at the base of outcrops forming __________.

Endogenic processes build rough mountains and exogenic processes melt them away, bit by tiny bit.

The underwater eruptions produce long linear, basaltic mountain ranges and large areas covered with lava called __________.

Mt. Fuji is an example of a __________.

__________ refers to breaking loose and removing solid material from the surface.

The vast majority of earthquakes in Hawai‘i occur on the Big Island.

__________ form when meandering rivers excavate broad flat-bottomed valleys.

Palolo Valley on O'ahu is an example of __________ valleys.

On a larger scale, if an extremely heavy weight (like an ice sheet) is removed from a rocky region, the entire mass will expand upwards as pressure is relieved forming a/an __________, in which the surface rock breaks off in sheets.

The fastest erosion occurs near the stream head, where the gradient is steep.

Each stream derives its water from a unique __________.

The first step in breaking down mountains is __________, which refers to the physical and chemical dissolution of solid rock.

Chemical reactions in the water dissolve material and further erode the bedrock.

Hawai'i has had numerous Great Earthquake in documented history.