BIO EVO EXAM 3

1.

1 point

Match the example of a gene flow barrier to its general type

Two fruit flies attempt to mate, but because their genitalia are incompatible fertilization is unsuccessful C

Postzygotic barrier

Prezygotic barrier

Psychological barrier

Premating barrier

2.

1 point

How long ago did homonins diverge from the other homonids?

10 million years ago

2 million years ago

150 thousand years ago

5.5 million years ago

3.

1 point

Recombination of eukaryotic genomes is very common and happens equally across all regions of the genome.

True

False

4.

1 point

Which of the following groups might serve as model systems for the early origin of multicellularity? (mark all that apply)

Dinoflagellate protists

Cyanobacteria

Volvocine algae

Mycetozoa (Slime molds)

Lophotrochozoan larvae

5.

1 point

What were the first organisms to photosynthesize? When did they begin doing this? What evidence is there to support this date?

Cyanobacteria, 3.5 billion years ago (will accept anything between 2.5 and 3.5 billion years ago), accumulation of metal oxides in sedimentary rock indication increased atmospheric oxygen

6.

1 point

Briefly describe the origin of DNA containing organelles such as the chloroplast and mitochondrion.

They were once free living prokaryotes that were engulfed by protoeukaryotic cells and began a mutualistic symbiotic relationship

7.

1 point

Match the example of a gene flow barrier to its general type

Two birds from distant populations disperse and mate, but their offspring cannot produce the correct mating call for either population and so have a very difficult time attracting a mate

Postzygotic barrier

Psychological barrier

Premating barrier

Prezygotic barrier

8.

1 point

Which of the following groups is the most inclusive group of only organisms that have Hox genes?

Viridiplantae (green plants)

Metazoa (animals)

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Basidiomycota (Mushrooms and toadstools)

Poriferea (sponges)

9.

1 point

What is a haplotype block and what evolutionary event can they help us to identify?

A specific sequence or alleles found in a sequence on a genome. When all or most of a sexually reproducing population has the same haplotype block it is indication of a selective sweep.

10.

1 point

What were the first self-replicating entities on earth?

Amino acids

Oxygen molecules

Proteobacteria

Slime molds

RNA molecules

11.

1 point

Match the vocabulary word on the left with its definition

Heterochrony
Pluripotent
Neofunctionalization
Paralog

a. A closely related gene that originated via a gene duplication event
b. A species that directly competing for resources with another, similar species
c. When a duplicated gene mutates and begins performing a new function
d. A stem-cell that has the potential to become any type of cell in the adult organism
e. A change in the timing of a developmental event

Heterochrony E; Pluripotent D; Neofunctionalization C; Paralog A

Heterochrony E; Pluripotent B; Neofunctionalization A; Paralog C

Heterochrony E; Pluripotent D; Neofunctionalization C; Paralog A

Heterochrony A; Pluripotent C; Neofunctionalization B; Paralog D

12.

1 point

What is the correct order for the following groups, starting with the most ancient and ending with the most recent?

Common hominid ancestor, Genus Homo, Genus Praeanthropus, Modern humans

Modern humans, Genus Praeanthropus, Genus Homo, Common hominid ancestor

Genus Praeanthropus, Common hominid ancestor, Genus Homo, Modern humans

Common hominid ancestor, Genus Praeanthropus, Genus Homo, Modern humans

13.

1 point

Most genes have evolved de novo from non-coding regions of DNA

True

False

14.

1 point

What extant species are members of the hominid group?

Homo sapiens (humans), Pan paniscus (Bonobo), Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee), Gorilla gorilla (Gorilla), Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii)

15.

1 point

The concept of natural selection can also be applied to self-sustaining chemical reactions that are competing with each other for reactants.

True

False

16.

1 point

Which of the following was not a condition of the prebiotic earth?

High oxygen gas content of the atmosphere

Significantly higher levels of volcanic activity

High lightning activity

Warmer temperatures on average than today

17.

1 point

What is the most recent hypothesis regarding the evolution of the different morphologies of major animal groups?

Most new features are the result of evolution of the regulation of a few conserved developmental genes

18.

1 point

Due to the amounts of non-coding DNA there is a clear trend between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes: prokaryotic genomes are smaller than those of eukaryotes.

True

False

19.

1 point

What is the most recent mass extinction event and what was its cause?

Cretaceous extinction event (K-T) which was caused by meteorite impact

20.

1 point

Match the event on the left with the data used to determine its age on the right

Origin of the Universe

Origin of the Earth

Origin of Life on Earth

a. Rate at which distant stars are travelling away from our solar system
b. First unicellular fossils with a clear nucleus in each cell
c. Relative dating of the oldest sedimentary rock that contains fossils
d. Sedimentary rocks with high levels of oxides
e. Direct radioactive dating of the oldest igneous rocks

Origin of the Universe C; Origin of the Earth B; Origin of Life on Earth A

Origin of the Universe A; Origin of the Earth D; Origin of Life on Earth C

Origin of the Universe A; Origin of the Earth E; Origin of Life on Earth C

Origin of the Universe B; Origin of the Earth C; Origin of Life on Earth D

21.

1 point

When referring to the transition of one state to another (eg., unicellularity → multicellularity, solitary → social) what is meant by the term “net benefit?”

There are some disadvantages and some advantages to these transitions, but overall there must be a selective advantage for it to occur

There is always an increase in the efficiency of prey trapping

The more complex organization creates a larger gathering point for metabolic resources

These transitions are associated with an increase in the number of organelles for each cell, thus an increase in plastid support via commensal transfer

22.

1 point

Which type of speciation has the potential to be the fastest?

Parapatric speciation

Polyploid speciation

Peripheral speciation

Sympatric speciation

23.

1 point

What data provides the best evidence to distinguish between these two hypotheses and which hypothesis is the best supported by these data?

Genetic diversity (mitochondrial and x-chromosome) which is greatest amoung humans of African ancestry, this supports the recent Out of Africa hypothesis

24.

1 point

In which type of speciation would the force of genetic drift have the most effect?

Sympatric speciation

Peripheral speciation

Parapatric speciation

Polyploid speciation

25.

1 point

What species are members of the homonin group and where did it originate?

Humans and the extinct, close relative of humans (non-great apes) such as Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Australopithecines, etc.

26.

1 point

How many times has multicellularity evolved during the history of life on earth?

Once

Never

Once for each multicellular species on Earth

A few times

27.

1 point

Why is it so difficult to get a date for the origin of the first eukaryotic organisms?

They were most likely the combination of two different types of cells that had originated at different dates

The originated long before the process of sedimentation began to create layers of rock that contained fossils

They were single-celled organisms without hard parts so there is very little fossil evidence to help determine the date

Horizontal gene transfer has made it impossible to calibrate the molecular clock and create a model for date of origin estimation

28.

1 point

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about mutation rates?

Selection tends to favor organisms with very low mutations rates

All organisms have about the same mutation rate

Selection tends to favor organisms with very high mutation rates

Mutation is a hallmark of successful populations and different environments and life histories select for different mutation rates

29.

1 point

There are several different organelles besides the chloroplast and the mitochondrion that originated via endosymbiotic events?

True

False

30.

1 point

By integrating two different species concepts one can objectively delineate all species.

True

False

31.

1 point

Which of the following is the best description of how Hox genes function?

They are genes that make enzymes that are specific to certain types of tissue

They are genes that code for transcription factors that regulate expression of developmentally important genes early in ontogeny

That are genes that code for membrane proteins that control what can enter the cell

They are genes that incorporate different types of organelles to create unique recombinant organelles with unpredictable capabilities

32.

1 point

Which of the following might help us to identify a recent horizontal gene transfer?

A bacterial genome with a small region that has a GC content bias different than the rest of the genome

A bacterial genome with more than five types of membrane proteins

A bacterial genome with a unusual GC content bias

A bacterial genome without any isochores

33.

1 point

List three types of premating barriers to gene flow. MARK ALL THAT APPLY! (Hint this has more than three so there all right!)

Habitat

Temporal

Behavioral

Geographic

34.

1 point

Very briefly describe the two theories regarding the evolutionary origin of Homo sapiens.

Recent Out of Africa hypothesis: Modern humans originated in Africa recently (100 -200 Kya) and expanded into the rest of the world replacing other previous established homonins that had migrated out of Africa much earlier. Multi-regional hypothesis: Modern humans evolved as a large, interbreeding populations from homonins in Africa and those that migrated out of Africa millions of years ago

35.

1 point

What are the two main costs associated with a transition from a solitary to group-living, social structure?

Decrease in the efficiency of communication between individuals and a decrease in the amount of maternal care

Decrease in the amount of maternal care and increased exposure to parasites

Increased competition for resources and increased exposure to parasites

Reduced efficiency of photosynthesis and increased competition for resources

36.

1 point

What is the cause of the “6th mass extinction?”

Meteorite impact

Human impact

Solar flares

Viral plagues

37.

1 point

Match the geographic distribution diagrams with the geographic type of speciation.

Allopatric A

Parapatric B

Sympatric C

Allopatric A Parapatric B Sympatric C

38.

1 point

Where did energy to support early life on earth (first billion years) come from?

Photosynthesis

Heterotrophic digestion of bacteria

Absorbance of heat energy from geothermal vents

Chemosynthesis

39.

1 point

Which of the following is a trend we observe in the early evolution of the homonin lineage?

Transition from solitary individuals to group living

Decrease in brain size

Transition from quadrapedal movement to bipedal movement

Movement from new world continents to old world continents

40.

1 point

Which of the following is the most important factor in the process of horizontal gene transfers?

plasmids

centromeres

membrane bound organelles

isochores