EVO. DEVO EX. 1

A

C

B

D

As a wing they are not homologous, they are analogous; however as forelimbs they are homologous.

Complexity is formed by the patterning and differentiation of simple cells - Aristotle

All complexity is already present and development only consists of enlargement- Malpighi

Complexity is formed by the patterning and differentiation of simple cells - Darwin

All complexity is already present and development only consists of enlargement- Avery

The skull of a cow and the pelvis of a frog.

The claw of a crab and the leg of a lobster.

The wing of a bat and the forelimb of a mouse.

The fins of a flying fish and the gliding membrane of a flying squirrel.

Ediacaran

They place the origin of Metazoa between 650 million and 1 billion years ago. The younger age corresponds pretty well with the fossil record. However, the estimate is not precise and the older date may represent either a lack of definitive fossils or a problem in the molecular clock calculations.

The answers can vary widely, but you should say something about examining differences in development of morphological features and how this process has changed (evolved), comparatively across different lineages of organisms.

Drosophila

E. Coli

Mus (Mouse)

Danio rerio

Arabidopsis

Aradiposis

E. Coli

Mus

A

B

C

D

The segments of arthropods.

The ability of an organism to develop normally despite environmental effects.

The stromatolite fossils of Australia.

The mutations caused by exposure to radioactivity.

It inserts the DNA of interest into the vector by joining the pieces of DNA.

It opens up pores in the bacterial membrane and allows the vector to enter.

It allows you to make many copies of a targeted piece of DNA.

It cuts the vector at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Roots growing from stems that are not at the base of the plant

Salamanders that don’t develop typically adult characteristics

Enlarged, prehensile tail of a monkey

Loss of legs in snakes

Pea plants crossed very carefully so that the parents of each generation were known demonstrated the pattern of trait inheritance. (Mendel)

When mice were injected with a sample of heat killed pathenogenic (disease causing) bacteria mixed with live harmless bacteria they died. (Griffith)

Cell removed from one frog embryo and placed in a different location on another frog embryo induced a second axis of development and resulted in conjoined embryos. (Spemann-Mangold)

X-ray crystallography demonstrated that the structure of DNA resembled a coiled rope ladder dubbed a "double helix." (Watson, Crick)

Testes of a fish

Liver of cow

Eye of a newt

Brain of a mouse

Transplantation is the removal of some tissue from one organism and placing onto another organism. Ablation is the act of removing or killing a subset of cells. Early experiments using these techniques established that they made little different at early stages, but at later stages resulted in loss of features or the duplication of features. Also, transplanted cells seemed to recruit cells from the embryo on which they were transplanted and change their developmental fate. This led to the concepts of organizers, induction and morphogens.

PCR is a process that allows for synthetic copying of a targeted DNA region. It is accomplished by cycling through a number of temperature levels: 1. Melting at 97°C “unzips” the DNA, 2. Annealing at 40-60°C allows the primers to bind to matching DNA sequence, 3. Elongation at 72°C allows the polymerase to copy the DNA. Necessary for the reaction are Primers, Nucleotides, and Taq Polymerase

No; Yes

Yes; Yes

Yes; No

No; No

Bird wings and bat wings begin from the same type of early embryological tissue.

Snakes have a special hinge in their jaw that allows them to swallow large prey whole.

Some birds lay eggs that are significantly larger than most other birds.

Centipede species can have dozens of leg bearing segments or only a few.

A gene that controls the patterning of a specific region of the animal body by acting as a transcription factor for other genes and, when mutated, cause dramatic phenotypic changes, such as transposition of organs

1. Introns: non-coding part of gene that is spliced out prior to translation 2. Exons: protein coding portion of the gene 3. Promotor: site of binding for DNA polymerase, so it is essential for initiation of transcription 4. Enhancer: region of DNA outside of the coding region that can bind to an activator and increase the amount of expression 5. Silencer: region of DNA outside of the coding region that can bind to a repressor and decrease the amount of expression (Although not part of the gene itself I will also accept the following) 6. Activator: a protein that can bind to a DNA sequence near the gene and increase the amount of expression 7. Repressor: a protein that can bind to a DNA sequence near the gene and decrease the amount of expression

Embryological development, going from a single cell to an organism ready to hatch or be born.

The expression of a morphological feature or gene in a new area, where it has not been previously expressed, such as the growth of root like structures along the stems of some plants.

All cells come from pre-existing cells

All living things are made up of cells

Triassic

Cenezoic

Carboniferous

Cambrian

The claw of a crab and the leg of a lobster.

The skull of a cow and the pelvis of a frog.

The wing of a bat and the forelimb of a mouse.

The fins of a flying fish and the gliding membrane of a flying squirrel.

They are the oldest fossils and thus are able to tell us something about the origins of early life on earth, dating this event to approximately 3.5 billion years ago.

Heterochrony

Gastrulation

Gametogenesis

Neuralation

To separate nucleic acids of various sizes.

To insert a plasmid into a bacteria.

Determine the mutant phenotype of an organism.

Visualize the location of proteins in a developing organism.

Microarray

In situ hybridization

cDNA synthesis

Antibody stain

Gel electrophoresis

backbone

feathers

milk production

fur

C

B B

D

A

Mus (mouse)

Drosophila

E. Coli

Arabidopsis

Danio rerio (zebrafish)

Relatively large number of chromosomes.

Large size relative to other closely related organisms.

Reproduce rapidly and are easy to maintain.

Unusual biology that distinguishes them from other organisms.

A portion of a phylogeny the exhibits tokogeny so there are multiple historical paths to a single ancestral population

A node on a phylogeny with more than two descendent branches that could be further resolved if more data was available.

A branch on a phylogeny with an uncertain length due to the lack of definitive data showing the changes that have occurred along the branch

A branch on a phylogeny with a known length that represents the changes that have occurred along that branch using all available data

Mus (mouse)

Drosophila

Danio Rerio (zebrafish)

Arabidopsis

E. Coli

C

A

B

D

Constructing a phylogeny and looking at the distribution of the features.

Looking at the fine morphological structure of the features.

Determining whether preformation played a role in the development of the features.

Comparing the relative position of the features.

All parts of organisms evolve at the same rate

Some regions of DNA evolve at the same rate in different branches of the tree of life and so provide a measure of the time those branches have been separate

Physical features of an organism can change over time, but the molecular features such as DNA do not change