Final Immunology 3

1.

1 point

Which one of the following diseases has been completely eradicated world wide?

measles

cowpox

TB

psittacosis

smallpox

2.

1 point

structure based antigen design does not aim at:

shifting immunodominance

adding multiple epitopes onto one anigen

detoxification of anigen

mixing host and pathogen structures

3.

1 point

Follicular helper T cells are a recent discovery in the Helper T-cell lineage. What is the primary role of TFH cells?

to stimulate dendritic cell production

To help B cell development in germinal center

to suppress B cell activation after pathogen has been cleared

to suppress Tc cells after an infection has been cleared

to regulate Treg cell activity

4.

1 point

Extracellular bacteria are optimally killed by:

macrophages

complement

antibody

both A and B

all of the above

5.

1 point

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) can be caused by:

failure of VDJ recombination

failure of cytokine receptors

failure of T-cell receptor signaling

failure of lymphoid progenitor survival

all of the above

6.

1 point

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

affects only part of the adaptive immune response

is a result of the absence of macrophages or B cells

can be caused by failure of VDJ recombination

can be caused by failure of TAP transporters

7.

1 point

A small protein subunit used in a vaccine may fail to stimulate T cell immunity because of

lack of glycosylation

HLA-related unresponsiveness

lack of conformation

lack of carrier determinants

8.

1 point

Which maternal antigens are protective against diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus,
streptococcal infections, and measles?

IgG and IgM

IgA and IgE

IgA and IgG

IgD and IgE

9.

1 point

Impairment of T-cell function can lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection because:

T cells help fully activate B cells.

T cells help trigger class switching

T cells help regulate antigen presentation by dendritic cells

Both A and B

10.

1 point

What is herd immunity?

Vaccinating the majority of a population to protect immunocompromised individuals from a particular pathogen.

Herd immunity refers to a special vaccination method whereby immunocompromised individuals are given vaccines made only of antibodies.

Receiving all government recommended vaccines in one day. This produces the strongest immune response possible but frequently leaves the person being vaccine experience malaise (generally feeling bad) and feverish.

A global vaccination day established by the World Health Organization to ensure every person on the planet is vaccinated against a particular pathogen. The last herd immunity day was in the early 1980s with smallpox

A vaccination program started by progressive nations to prevent the spread of prion diseases such as Mad Cow (BSE).

11.

1 point

Which of the following is required for fusion of the human immunodeficiency viral envelope with the host cell membrane and subsequent internalization?

protease

gp41

integrase

reverse transcriptase

gp120

12.

1 point

One of the most important soluble molecule of the innate immune system preventing viral infection is:

antibody

IL-10

CD4

antigen

Interferon

13.

1 point

Alloantibodies to blood-vessel endothelium on solid organ grafts _____.

are IgA and do not fix complement.

target endothelium for attack by NK cells

cause hyperacute rejection

are specific for HLA class I and class II antigens

cause acute rejection

14.

1 point

Influenza virus is an annual concern in the United States and worldwide. Each year, millions of people receive the flu vaccine to protect against the influenza virus. What two viral ligands does the flu vaccine produce immunity to?

N-acetyl glucosamine and Neuraminidase

Hemagglutinin and N-acetyl glucosamine

Hemagglutinin and TNF-α

Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin

N-acetyl glucosamine and reverse transcriptase

15.

1 point

Which of the following is an example of a passive immunization?

Antibodies against rabies given to someone who was bitten by a potentially rabid dog

Heat-killed flu antigen grown in chicken eggs

Live viral antigen given on a sugar cube to protect against polio

both a and b

both b and c

16.

1 point

Adenosine deaminase deficiency leads to SCID, even though

cells have alternate pathways to use

it is only used in adults

it primarily affects dendritic cells

the gene is not part of the immune system

17.

1 point

Somatic hypermutation and isotype-switching are both dependent on the activity of which of the following enzymes?

ZAP-70

AID

Foxp3

Artemis

RAG 1/2

18.

1 point

Because T cells are essential in graft rejection, nude mice, which lack a thymus:

will reject grafts more vigorously than wild-type mice.

will reject grafts the same as wild-type mice.

will not reject grafts since they lack B cells.

will not reject grafts because of peripheral tolerance.

will not reject grafts since they lack T cells.

19.

1 point

Rejection of allografts:

depends on Graft-versus-host reaction.

demonstrates immunological specificity.

demonstrates immunological memory.

Both A and B.

Both B and C.

20.

1 point

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (X-LA)

results from a B-cell signaling defect

has increased susceptibility to fungal infections

can be treated with anti-viral medication

is more common in women than men

has increased Ig-G levels

21.

1 point

Bacteria growing within macrophages are killed by:

reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates

cytotoxic t cells

antibody

directly by cytokines released from Th1 cells

complement

22.

1 point

Isografts are NOT usually rejected because:

they are between genetically identical individuals.

they are MHC matched.

they do not trigger an immune response.

they are syngeneic.

all of the above

23.

1 point

Primary immunodeficiencies affecting T cells tend to be more severe than those affecting B cells because:

T cells can trigger apoptosis

T cells regulate antigen presentation

T cells regulate the adaptive immune response

T cells control the innate immune response

24.

1 point

. Minor histocompatibility locus genes can cause tissue rejection:

only if major histocompatibility genes also cause rejection.

even if major histocompatibility genes match properly

at the same rate as MHC rejection.

more quickly than MHC-mediated rejection.

25.

1 point

What is the function of a memory T cell?

to provide and almost immediate response upon subsequent exposure to a specific pathogen

to maintain an active T cell response after the infection is cleared

To activate Tc and Th cells during an active primary infection

to suppress Tc activity after the pathogen is cleared

to avoid autoimmune disorders by producing memory for self antigens during T cell development

26.

1 point

By which mechanisms can bacterial pathogens evade a host immune response?

Avoiding phagocytosis by the production of a capsule

Escape of the phagolysosome within phagocytic cells

Neutralization of digestive enzymes found within phagocytic cells

Both A and B.

All of the above.

27.

1 point

Which of the following can activate a memory T cell?

B cell

NK cell

any of the antigen presenting cells

macrophage

Dendritic cell

28.

1 point

Hyperactute graft rejection is caused by:

circulating immune complexes

CD4 T cells

platelets

CD8 T cells

preformed antibody

29.

1 point

Sleeping sickness and Chagas’s disease are caused by members of the genus Trypanosoma, protozoans that reside in the bloodstream. What is the principle way trypanosomes evade the immune response?

Antagonistic cytokines are produce by the trypanosome.

Vaccines are readily available to people in trypanosome infested areas.

Trypanosomes invade the brain and red blood cells so that immune effector cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells cannot phagocytize trypanosomes.

Trypanosomes are human pathogens and thus immune to human immune responses.

Periodic changes in the surface antigen (VSG) of trypanosomes ensures that at least some cells will survive antibody mediate attacks.

30.

1 point

The largest number of deaths from infectious diseases are caused by:

AIDS

measles

tuberculosis

diarraheal diseases

acute respiratory infections

31.

1 point

Primary immunodeficiencies

are severe`

are inherited

are contagious

affect only cells

alter only the complement pathways

32.

1 point

What would happen if a person who is undergoing chemotherapy were given a live virus
vaccine against polio?

The chemotherapy the cancer patient is receiving would inactivate the vaccine by killing the live polio virus.

The cancer patient would likely develop a strong immune response to the vaccine because a live viral antigen was used.

There would be no effect, as the cancer patient does not produce a high number of immune cells for the polio virus to interact with.

Using a live viral antigen in a vaccine is lethal to immunocompromised people because their immune system would be overwhelmed and toxic shock would occur

The cancer patient would likely develop polio because the immune system is compromised and would not be able to fight off the live virus

33.

1 point

Which is NOT a factor that contribute to the (re)emergence of new pathogens:

International travel and trade

inappropriate use of antibiotics

vaccination

Genetic adaptation

climate changes

34.

1 point

In chronic rejection, effector T cells respond to _____ complexes on _____-derived dendritic cells. Hint: Indirect pathway recognition is involved in chronic rejection

recipient MHC class II:donor MHC peptide; recipient

donor MHC class II:donor self peptide; donor

recipient MHC class I:donor MHC peptide; recipient

donor MHC class I:donor self peptide; donor

recipient MHC class II:donor MHC peptide; donor.

35.

1 point

Marginal zone B cells secrete

IgD

IgE

IgM

both IgG and IgM

IgG

36.

1 point

Which of the following allogeneic grafts does not require immunosuppression:

bone marrow

kidneys

liver

cornea

heart

37.

1 point

The fetus may be protected from maternal transplantation attack by:

C3 convertase on the syncitiotrophoblast

local production of IL-2

presence of HLA class I on the fetus

luteinizing hormone

HLA-G on the extravillous cytotrophoblast

38.

1 point

Acute rejection of a kidney graft involves the activation of recipient T cells by _____ of _____ origin. Hint: Direct pathway recognition is involved in acute rejection

dendritic cells; recipient

macrophages; recipient

B cells; donor

dendritic cells; donor

B cells; recipient

39.

1 point

Primary immunodeficiencies that affect B cells are often characterized by:

unresolved inflammatory responses

persisting viral infections

recurring bacterial infections

40.

1 point

Which immunoglobulin isotype CANNOT be produced by memory B cells? Hint: memory B cells exit the germinal centers

IgG1

IgA2

IgG3

IgE

IgM

41.

1 point

The failing of the immune system at clearing a pathogen sometimes results in chronic inflammation, to prevent further spreading, the pathogen is maintained in a multicellular called:

granular cell

granuloma

granzyme

Enormous cell

pathogenic mass

42.

1 point

_______ occurs when RNA segments are exchanged between viral strains:

antigenic drift

antigenic mimicry

antigenic shift

antigenic shielding

latency

43.

1 point

A conjugate vaccine is one that couples ___ to ___ so as to stimulate T dependent antibody responses

protein carrier; toxoids

polysaccharide; a protein carrier

a protein carrier; irradiated DNA

Adjuvant; toxoids

44.

1 point

Why does active immunity produce long-term immunity better than passive immunity?

Active immunity always leads to having the illness though in a milder form than an unvaccinated individual.

. Antibodies do not produce long term immunity because they breakdown after two weeks

During active immunity, antigens for the disease are presented to the immune system through classical antigen presentation mechanisms, so an active B-cell response and immunologic memory develop.

Long-term storage of antibodies maintains vaccine integrity however antigens cannot be stored long term

both a and b

45.

1 point

IL-2 acts on several cell types thus regulating multiple immune processes. Il-2 is said to be:

antagonistic

cascade inducible

pleiotropic

redundant

synergistic

46.

1 point

Since reverse transcriptase is an error-prone enzyme, it follows that

HIV-1 will have a high mutation rate

drugs targeting HIV will affect only part of any population

treatment of HIV will produce temporary results only

All of the above

47.

1 point

Deficiency in the common gamma chain of cytokine receptors is a particular severe problem because:

it is encoded on the X chromosome, so males are hemizygous.

it is used by several cytokine receptors

it leads to defects in T cells, B cells, and NK cells

all of the above

48.

1 point

Which of the following is a feature of inducible regulatory T cells? (select ALL that apply)

inducible Treg express high level of CD25 and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma

Treg express CD8 and control effector T cells by inducing apoptosis

Treg secrete TGF-beta and suppress effector T cell function

physical association between Treg and its target can happen through the common binding to an APC

Treg can induce a down-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue and therefore prevent activation of naive T cells