Clinical Physiology

1.

1 point

Sympathetic signs (fight or flight) dominate when all of the following occur EXCEPT

Sympathetic nervous system is activated

Drugs given that stimulate the adrenergic (catecholamine) receptors for norepinephrine or epinephrine

Drugs given that mimic norepinephrine or epinephrine

Drugs given that stimulate cholinergic receptors

2.

1 point

EPI is generally characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

Weight loss

Maldigestion

Hyperinsulinemia

Increased appetite

3.

1 point

Parasympatholytic drugs, such as atropine, block parasympathetic effects

True

False

4.

1 point

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney

Regulation of solute concentration and volume of ECF

Secretion of hormones

Excretion of water, urea, creatinine, hydrogen, and potassium

Excretion of cholesterol and cleansing the blood of bacteria

5.

1 point

Upon stimulation, the motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter substance that would eventually cause the bronchial smooth muscles to relax. What is the name of this substance?

Acetylcholine esterase (cholinesterase)

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

6.

1 point

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A dog will be considered anemic if its HCT is 30%

RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and assist in the transportation of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs

Thrombocytes are essential for homeostasis

Leukocytes protect the body against infection and disease

7.

1 point

Pyridostigmine is a drug used for treatment of myasthenia gravis (where it is advantageous to have elevated Ach levels) in the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles. Which of the following do you think describes its action?

They inhibit the synthesis of acetylcholine by α neurons

They inhibit acetylcholinesterase, thus slowing down the breakdown of acetylcholine

They block muscarinic cholinergic receptors

It is cholinomimetics, they occupy and activate acetylcholine receptors

8.

1 point

Sympathomimetic drugs imitate sympathetic effects

True

False

9.

1 point

Which of the following statement is NOT correct?

Parasympathetic stimulation increases the motility and secretion of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

Sympathetic stimulation increases the rate and force of the heart contraction, while the parasympathetic has an opposite effect on the heart

Sympathetic nervous system controls dilation and constriction of arterioles

Parasympathetic stimulation causes perfused saliva secretion

10.

1 point

Which of the following is NOT correct?

Acetylcholine binds to both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Autonomic NS is sensory system which part of the peripheral NS

Adrenal medulla is stimulated by acetylcholine the sympathetic nervous system to secrete epinephrine

11.

1 point

Given as eye drops, atropine produces dilatation of the pupil of the eyes through blocking of which of the following receptors?

The somatic nervous system's nicotinic receptors

The parasympathetic system's nicotinic receptors

The sympathetic nervous system's a-adrenergic receptors

The parasympathetic system's muscarinic receptors

12.

1 point

Blood carefully withdrawn from a healthy dog into a red-capped test tube that does not have an anticoagulant is expected to clot via which of the following pathways

Activation of intrinsic pathway

Activation of factor X through the common pathway

Activation of the extrinsic pathway

A and B

13.

1 point

Nicotinic receptors are also found on neurons (instead of smooth muscles, secretory cells, etc.) that themselves in turn release norepinephrine

True

False

14.

1 point

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin is

α-amylase

Enterokinase

Carbonic anhydrase

Carboxypeptidase A

15.

1 point

Which of the following is the term used to describe excessive or abnormally large production of passage of urine?

Polyuria

Anuria

Micturition

Oligouria

16.

1 point

In what way do organophosphates in flea insecticides affect the neuromuscular junction and muscle contraction?

They inhibit the action of acetylchoinesterase (AChE) and acetylcholine builds up, causing muscle spasms

They bind to the postjunctional membrane, thus preventing acetylcholine from acting on it to cause contraction

They have no effect on muscle contraction

17.

1 point

Whole blood should be given in plasma preference to patients with which of the following conditions?

Decreased oncotic pressure

Severe anemia

Bleeding due to deficient clotting factors

Dehydration

18.

1 point

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Nephrons are irreplaceable

COP favors filtration

One of the best methods for assessing kidney function is measuring GFR

Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism

19.

1 point

To prevent premature activation of enzymes and autodigestion of its acini and ducts, the pancreas does the following

Produce zymogens

Synthesize and secret trypsin inhibitor

Produce enterokinase in its inactive form

A and B are correct

20.

1 point

Slaframine toxicity in horses cause profuse salivation (salivary syndrome) through the following mechanism

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic NS

Stimulation of adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic NS

21.

1 point

The cranial nerves (III, VII, XI, and X) innervates the different organs in the body as part of the

Somatic nervous system innervation

Parasympathetic nervous system innervation

Sympathetic nervous system innervation

22.

1 point

Think about rat poisoning and ingestion of the rodenticide by a dog. From your understanding of what this anticoagulant would, which of the following statements is irrelevant to the case?

Tetraparesis

Diagnosis is based on the history of possible exposure to an anticoagulant rodenticide and a prolonged PT and APTT

Administration of plasma or fresh whole blood, and make up for the loss of blood and the provide Vitamin K1 (administered either SC or PO) are prescribed as part of the treatment

The clinical signs are due hemorrhage

23.

1 point

The lab data for four-year-old intact female Irish setter that suffered from weight loss is:HCT 25% Hb 8.0 g/dL RBC 4x10^6/μL TP 8.2 g/dL. If the normal MCV is 60-75fL and MCHC is 32-36% Given that MCV is (HCT/red blood cells in million x 10 and MCHC is (Hb/HCTx100) you would conclude that

The dog has microcytic hypochromic anemia

The dog has normocytic normochromic anemia

The dog has normocytic hypochromic anemia

The dog is normal

24.

1 point

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Polychromasia is associated with regenerative anemia

Chronic blood loss can cause microcytic anemia

Capillary refill time can be increased dehydration and hypovolemic shock

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia is generally a non-regenerative anemia

25.

1 point

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries supplied by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole to have

High hydrostatic pressure for filtration

Low osmotic (oncotic) pressure for filtration

Low hydrostatic pressure for filtration

High osmotic (oncotic) pressure for filtration

26.

1 point

Regarding glomerular filtration rate, which of the following is true?

It is maintained at a constant rate mainly by the pumping action of the heart

It fluctuates widely and is not maintained at a constant rate

It is maintained at a constant rate by mechanisms of the kidney that form the juxtaglomerular apparatus

27.

1 point

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the kidney?

Angiotensin

Erythropoietin

Calcitriol

Renin

28.

1 point

The different in the CRTZ of receptors, which have been targets for drugs that block them to control emesis, include all of the following receptors except

Histamine (H1 and H2)

Chlecystokinin B

Serotonin (5-HT3)

Dopamine

29.

1 point

Which of the following receptors is mostly used by the neurotransmitter substances released by the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Adrenergic receptors

Muscarinic receptors

None of the above

30.

1 point

Which of the following describes the production of angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor?

The liver secretes angiotensinogen, which is acted upon by prothrombin activator to produce angiotensin I

The kidneys secrete angiotensinogen and renin, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

The liver secretes angiotensinogen, which is converted by renin into angiotensin I. ACE, secreted by the lungs converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

Liver converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, and ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

31.

1 point

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Dilation of arterioles

Relaxation of the bronchial muscle

Secretion of lacrimal glands

Increase in heart rate

32.

1 point

Deficiency of vitamin K in the diet in rodenticides will result in bleeding as a result of which of the following?

Decreased production of thrombocytes

Production of non-functional prothrombin VIII, IX, X

Production of non-functional prothrombin VII, IX, X

Hypocalcemia

33.

1 point

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Stimulatin of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by acetylcholine would result in clinical signs associated with parasympathetic nervous system overstimulation

Both muscarinic cholinergic and nicotinic cholinergic receptos each accept and respond to acetylcholine. But each receptor site is found in different parts of the body

The major smooth muscles of the urinary bladder has nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Drugs or poisons that affect cholinergic receptors sites may produce different signs depending upon whether they fit better in a nicotinic cholinergic site or a muscarinic cholinergic site

34.

1 point

Which of the following receptors is mostly used by the excitatory neurotransmitter substance released by the motor neuron onto the constrictor multi-unit smooth muscles of the iris in the eye?

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors

a1 adrenergic receptors

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

b2 adrenergic receptors

35.

1 point

Calcium is directly involved and is important for which of the following physiological process?

Blood coagulation

Manufacturing of blood cells in the bone marrow

Synthesis of blood proteins in the liver

Repolarization of the nerve membrane

36.

1 point

The permeable glomerular membrane will allow substances such as albumin to pass through to the filtrate

True

False

37.

1 point

Vitamin B12 deficiency, which is common in dogs with EPI can be explained by which of the following?

Deficiency of cobalt in the diet

Lack of pancreatic intrinsic factor which is needed for Vit B12 absorption

Increased uptake of Vit B12 by intestinal bacteria

38.

1 point

Being competitive antagonist for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, atropine, in small therapeutic doses is expected to result in all of the following except which one?

Dilation of the pupils of the eye

Treatment of poisoning by organophosphate

Paralysis of skeletal muscle by insecticides

Treatment of bradycardia

39.

1 point

Bleeding disorders can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT which one?

Inhibition of platelet functions by Aspirin or Plavix

Decreased formation of functional Vit K-dependent clotting factors

Deficiency Von Willebrand Factor

Lead poisoning

40.

1 point

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Iron deficiency, due to chronic blood loss, causes microcytic hypochromic anemia

Mean corpuscular volume represents size of the average red cell in femtoliters (10^-15 L)

Dividing the total weight of hemoglobin by PCV, and then multiplying by 100 gives mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

The protein (enzyme) that catalyzes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen is thrombin

41.

1 point

Which of the following are NOT blood markers for kidney disease?

High BUN and creatinine

Metabolic acidosis

Proteinuria and number of nephrons

Hyperphophatemia and hypoabuminemia

42.

1 point

Which of the following choices represent testing that is considered to be more specific for the confirmation of diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs

Fecal amylase activity

Serum Trypsin-like immunoreactivity

Serum amylase and lipase concentration

Immunoassay of pancreatic lipase

43.

1 point

By blocking the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine the following drugs reduce heart rate; reduce blood pressure by dilating blood vessels; and may constrict air passages

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Beta blockers

Nicotinic receptors blockers

Atropine

44.

1 point

Which of the following functions of the kidney is related to production of red blood cells by the bone marrow

Regulation of solute concentration and volume of ECF

Excretion of water and waste products such as urea

Secretion of erythropoietin

Excretion of cholesterol and cleansing the blood of bacteria

45.

1 point

Drugs that directly stimulate the muscarininc receptors produce SLUDDE signs. Which of the following is NOT a sign of SLUDDE.

Salivation

Dysphonia

Urination

Lacrimation

46.

1 point

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Acute hemorrhage can result in microcytic hypochromic regenerative anemia

Kidney failure can result in microcytic/normochromic anemia

Unconjugated bilirubin (lipid soluble) is the product of heme that is excreted by macrophages and carried by globulin to the liver

Hemoglobin denaturation can cause non-immune mediated hemolytic anemia

47.

1 point

Epinephrine, as a drug, is used with localized anesthetics to help diminish the total blood loss the patient sustains during minor surgical procedures because of its...

Ability to increase heart and force of contraction

Vasoconstriction effect

Vasodilation effect

Ability to decrease heart and force of contraction

48.

1 point

Organophosphates are potent nerve agents, and causes toxicity symptoms by functioning by

Enhancing the action of acetylcholinersterase (AChE)

Inhibiting the action of acetylcholinersterase (AChE)

Increasing the release of ACh

Decreasing the release of ACH

49.

1 point

Which of the following statements is correct?

Polyuria is decreased urine output per unit time

The segment of the renal tubule responsible for the reabsorption of the bulk of filtered solutes and all glucose is the distal tubule

Polydipsia is a symptom of excessive thirst that leads to frequent drinking

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary is released in greater amounts, the fluid remaining in the collecting ducts of the kidney will become more dilute

50.

1 point

Acidity of the chyme stimulates in the duodenum the release of

Cholecystokinin, which stimulates enzymes and zymogens secretion by the pancreas

Secretin, which stimulates bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas

Secretin, which stimulates enzymes and zymogens secretion by the pancreas

Cholecystokinin, which stimulates bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas