Neuroscience and Mental Health

1.

1 point

Below are events happening during an action potential. What is the correct order?

a) Hyperpolarisation
b) Depolarisation
c) Resting Potential
d) Overshoot
e) Repolarisation

b, d, e, a, c

b, c, d, a, e

a, b, d, e, c

b, d, a, c, e

a, b, e, d, c

2.

1 point

True or False

CSF drains into the venous sinus via the arachnoid villus.

The posterior cranial fossa houses the cerebellum.

The middle cranial fossa houses the frontal lobes.

The anterior cranial fossa houses the temporal lobes.

The infundibulum links the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus which lies above the sphenoid.

The medulla oblongata passes through the foramen magnum.

Subdural haemorrhages are less common than epidural. Epidural haemorrhages are more often caused by head injury.

The lateral ventricles associate with the cerebral hemisphere, the fourth with the medulla and pons and the third with the diencephalon.

F, T, F, T, F, T, F

T, F, F, T, T, T, T

T, F, F, T, T, F, T

T, T, T, T, T, T, T

F, F, F, F, F, F, T

F, F, F, T, T, F, F

3.

1 point

Vesicular proteins are targets for neurotoxins. Link the following toxins with their effects

a) Tetanus toxin
b) Zn2+ dependent endopeptidases
c) Botulinum
d) Alpha Latrotoxin

1) Transmitter release stimulated to depletion
2) Flaccid Paralysis
3) Inhibition of transmitter release
4) Paralysis

a4, b3, c2, d1

a3, b4, c1, d2

a2, b1, c3, d4

a3, b4, c2, d1

a1, b2, c3, d4

4.

1 point

Damage to a certain part of the CNS is usually fatal. This is the...

Brain stem

Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex

Medulla Oblongata

Hypothalamus

5.

1 point

Interneurons can be large multipolar neurons

True

False

True, but they can also be small bipolar neurones

False, they are only small bipolar neurone

6.

1 point

In the post synaptic vesicle, there are two receptors for Glutamate. What are they and what they do they allow into the post synaptic terminal and are they fast or slow? (Please select one only)

AMPAR's are for the majority of faster responses and lets Na+ in. NMDA are fewer, are the slower component of excitatory response and let Ca2+ and Na+ in.

AMPAR's are for the majority of slower responses and lets Na+ and Ca2+ in. NMDA are fewer, are the faster component of excitatory response and let Na+ in.

AMPAR's are for the majority of slower responses and lets Na+ in. NMDA are fewer, are the faster component of excitatory response and let Ca2+ and Na+ in.

AMPAR's are for the majority of faster responses and lets Na+ and Ca2+ in. NMDA are fewer, are the slower component of excitatory response and let Na+ in.

7.

1 point

Which of the following NT receptors results in an inhibitory response?

5HTR

GLUR

GABAR

GlyR

nAChR

8.

1 point

1)Initially, P(K)>>P(Na) and the membrane potential is closer to the equilibrium potential for K than Na.

2)After a stimulus, the membrane is depolarised, VGSC's open quickly once the threshold potential is reached and Na ions leave the cell down their electrochemical gradient.

3)VGKC's also start to open and K+ slowly leave the cell but this is less than the Na+ ions. The VGSC activation and inactivation gates are both open at this point.

4)The early repolarisation phase is when P(Na) decreases because the VGSC's close and Na+ can no longer go down its concentration gradient. K+ can leave the cell down its concentration gradient due to permanently open K+ channels.

5)This is the relative refractory period where another AP cannot occur.

6) During late depolarisation, both VGSC's have both their activation and inactivation gates closed.

7)After hyper polarisation, P(K) is still greater than at rest because VGKC's are still open. At this point, a stronger than normal stimulus can create another AP. The membrane potential gets closer to the K equilibrium until the VGKC's close at which point it returns to rest.

How many mistakes are there in the above statements?

4

2

3

1

0

9.

1 point

About Astrocytes:

Transport substances between circulation and neurons

Form the blood brain barrier and brain CSF barrier

There are 4 types of astroglia

Respond to injury by migrating away from injury

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell population of the CNS

Most prominent component of the cytoplasm are the bundles of IF

Are used for storage of neurotrophic factors

10.

1 point

Which of the following NT receptors result in an excitatory response?

GLUR

nAChR

5HT3R

GlyR

GABAR

11.

1 point

Ependymal cells...

Line the ventricles and central canal of the cord.

Are found in the cerebral cortex

Are connected by tight junctions

Are lined with Cilia and microvilli on the basolateral surface

12.

1 point

Which drug is especially effective on absence seizures?

Phenobarbital

Valproate

Benzodiazepines

Vigabatrin

13.

1 point

Sensory neurons tend to be...

Pseudounipolar

Golgi Type I Multipolar

Bilpolar

Unipolar

Golgi Type II Multipolar

14.

1 point

True or False:

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.

The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus.

The parietal lobe is separated from the occipital by the parieto-occipital fissure.

The main functional areas of the cerebral hemisphere include the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary auditory cortex, Brocas area, Wernickes Area and the primary visual cortex

F, F, F, F

T, T, T, F

F, T, F, T

F, T, T, T

T, T, T, T

15.

1 point

The information processing unit responsible for generation and conduction of electrical signals with inter communication via chemical signals. This structure is the...

Neuronal Cytoskeleton

Astroglia

Axon

Dendrite

Neuron

16.

1 point

The following are examples or definitions of neuronal organisation. List whether the statements are true or false.

Nucleus: Brain stem nuclei, deep cerebellar nuclei
Laminae: Cerebral cortex, cerebellum
Ganglion: Dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia
Fibre Tracts: Bundles of myelinated axons in the CNS only. Corpus callosum
Nerves: Bundles of axons outside the CNS only.

T, T, T, F, F

T, T, T, F, T

T, T, T, T, T

F, T, T, T, F

F, F, T, F, T

17.

1 point

What is associated with seizures due to abnormal cell firing?

Not enough synaptic GABA

Not enough synaptic Glutamate

Excess synaptic Glutamate

Excess synaptic Gly

Excess synaptic GABA

18.

1 point

The entire nerve is wrapped in...

Myelin

Epineurium

Perineurium

Endoneurium

Myelin and Endoneurium

19.

1 point

How many ventricles are there?

3

2

4

5

1

20.

1 point

Which of the following is NOT an example of G-Protein coupled receptors?

Ach at muscarinic receptors

GABA

Dopamine

Noradrenaline

Neuropeptides

5-Hydroxytryptamine

21.

1 point

Neurons in the CNS are organised into groups often according to their function. Which of the following are examples of functional organisation?

Nucleus

Nerves

Fibre Tracts

Ganglion

Laminae

22.

1 point

The brainstem consists of the...

Meninges

Pons

Medulla

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Midbrain

23.

1 point

The meninges consist of three layers that protect the brain and spinal cord. Select the correct order of the layers starting from the outermost layer.

Arachnoid membrane, Pia Mater, Dura Mater

Dura Mater, Arachnoid membrane, Pia Mater

Pia Mater, Dura Mater, Arachnoid membrane

Pia Mater, Arachnoid membrane, Dura Mater

Arachnoid membrane, Dura Mater, Pia Mater

Dura Mater, Pia Mater, Arachnoid membrane

24.

1 point

Which of the following are involved in control of movement?

Corpus Callosum

Cerebellum

Meninges

Cerebral hemispheres

Brainstem

25.

1 point

Spinal nerves of the PNS are bundle into fascicles surrounded by...

Exoneurium

Epineurium

Endonurium

Perineurium

Myelin

26.

1 point

Which of these is not a part of the structure of a neuron?

Astroglia

Soma

Terminal

Axon

Neuronal Cytoskeleton

Dendrite

27.

1 point

What is the reflex circuit?

Somatic neurons forming synapses directly with motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Somatic sensory neurons forming synapses with interneurons that synapse with motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Autonomic neurons forming synapses directly with motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Autonomic sensory neurons forming synapses with interneurons that synapse with motor neurons in the spinal cord.

28.

1 point

Which of the following is true about CSF when compared to blood?

Higher number of cells

Lower amounts of sodium and potassium

Higher amount of protein

Lower concentration of magnesium and chlorine

29.

1 point

Which cell is the resident macrophage of the CNS?

Mast Cell

Monocyte

Microglia

Astroglia

30.

1 point

Which part of a neuron is the area of reception for incoming information?

Dendrite

Terminal

Clefts

Soma

Axon

31.

1 point

Golgi Type II Multipolar Neurons

Use glutamate or aspartate as a transmitter

Have axons extending long distances

Are pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and all cortical output is mediated through these neurons

Are the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord

32.

1 point

What makes up the diencephalon?

Pituitary gland

Brainstem

Hypothalamus

Lateral ventricles

Thalamus

Pons

33.

1 point

The following statements are true or false.

Na+ is the main extracellular anion.
K+ is the main intracellular cation.
Organic Phosphates are the main intracellular cations.
Cl- is the main extracellular anion.

F, T, F, T

F, T, T, T

F, F, T, T

T, T, T, T

34.

1 point

Anterograde transport is used to transport materials. Which of the following is an example of anterograde transport?

Transport of synaptic vesicles to cell body

Transport of substances from the ECF

Transport of trophic growth factors

Transport of mitochondria towards the cell body.

Transport of synaptic vesicles away from cell body

35.

1 point

Which of the drugs works on al types of seizures EXCEPT for absence seizures?

Phenobarbital

Benzodiazepines

Valproate

Vigabatrin

36.

1 point

All individual axons are wrapped in...

Epineurium

Endoneurium

Endoneurium and Myelin

Perineurium

Myelin

37.

1 point

There are two types of hydrocephalus, communicating (all 4 ventricles affected) and non-communicating (not all 4). Which of the following are the correct causes of each?

Communicating: Meningitis, Head Injury, Ventricular Tumours, Paracentricular Tumours Non-communicating: Aqueduct stenosis, Congenital, Haemorrhage

Non-communicating: Meningitis, Head Injury, Ventricular Tumours, Paracentricular Tumours Communicating: Aqueduct stenosis, Congenital, Haemorrhage

Non-Communicating: Meningitis, Head Injury, Congenital, Haemorrhage Communicating: Aqueduct stenosis, Ventricular Tumours, Paracentricular Tumours

Communicating: Meningitis, Head Injury, Congenital, Haemorrhage Non-communicating: Aqueduct stenosis, Ventricular Tumours, Paracentricular Tumours

38.

1 point

On Oligodendrocytes

Many Intermediate Filaments

Have a large nuclei

Can produce up to 40 myelin internodes

Are the myelin forming cells of the CNS

39.

1 point

GABA binds to its receptor resulting in Cl- release into the post synaptic terminal. It is then broken down by glial cells to succinate aldehyde via GABA transaminase which is used in the TCA cycle.

How many mistakes are there in this statement?

1

0

4

3

2

40.

1 point

Glutamate is taken up by glial cells containing a transporter called...

EEAT

EAT

PRET

EAAT

GABAT

41.

1 point

Which of the following is true about Axon regeneration?

Recovery of axons in the PNS always results in by non-specific innervation and aberrant axon sprouting

Cues stimulating axon growth in the CNS are absent in MS

PNS axons are unable to regenerate over longer distances

There are inhibitory molecules in both the CNS and PNS

Loss of intrinsic growth capability by the neurons in the CNS is why its harder for them to regenerate

CNS axons are easily able to regenerate

42.

1 point

Which layer of the menginges is most likely to be affected by meningitis?

Arachnoid membrane

Dura Mater

Meninges aren't affected by meningitis

All are equal

Pia Mater

43.

1 point

Transmitter release requires which of the following?

Ca2+

Transmitter containing vesicles to be docked on the presynaptic membrane

Protein complex formation between vesicle, membrane and cytoplasmic proteins

ATP and vesicle recycling

All of the above

44.

1 point

The cerebral cortex:

Has two hemispheres which receive information from opposite ends of the body

Controls motor co-ordination

Is the most primitive part of the CNS

Is also known as the little brain

45.

1 point

Bipolar neurone are found in the...

Retina

Cerebral cortex

Purkinje cells of the Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex

46.

1 point

GABA has a pentameric organisation which means many pharmacological drugs are used to facilitate transmission. Which of the following drugs is used to treat all types of seizures?

Valproate

Phenobarbital

Benzodiazepines

Vigabatrin

More than one of the above

47.

1 point

Golgi Type I Multipolar Neurons....

Are small multipolar cells with local branching

Stellate cells of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are an example of it

Have axons terminating near the cell body of origin

Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are an example

Use glutamate or aspartate as a transmitter

48.

1 point

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ion channel receptor in the CNS or NMJ?

ACh at muscarinic receptors.

GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid)

ACh at nicotinic receptors

Glutamate

49.

1 point

Interneurons...

Propagate towards the CNS from the PNS

Are efferent nerves

Are afferent nerves

Propagate towards the PNS from the CNS

Synapse with other CNS neurons

50.

1 point

CSF flows between two layers of the menginges. What are these two layers?

Dura Mater and Pia Mater

Arachnoid membrane and Pia Mater

Arachnoid membrane and Dura Mater