Microbiology Tests

receptor mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion / lysis or budding (controlled exocytosis)

Membrane fusion/ lysis and budding

Endocytosis/ budding and lysis

Endocytosis and membrane fusion/ lysis only

Fungi primarily grow in vectors.

They have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.

They use the hosts reproductive mechanisms to proliferate.

Fungi are prokaryotes.

Process by which viral infection leads to disease

The severity of the disease is independent form viral pathogenicity.

determined by host response to infection

determined by the nature of the host-virus interaction

Culture

Agglutination test

Fluorescent antibody stain

Electrophoretic analysis of DNA

MALDI-TOF

Gram stain

Acid-fast stain

ELISA

Roundworms - elephantitis

Parasitic worms - trypanosomiasis

Parasitic worms - filariasis

Roundworms - filariasis

An infectious disease that is classified as medically important.

An infectious disease that can only be transmitted to certain community groups.

An infectious disease that spreads by developing resistance to viremea.

Cell lysis, toxin production, immune suppression, localisation of infection

Toxin production, immune suppression, host cell alterations

Cell lysis, toxin production, immune suppression, host cell alterations

Cell lysis, toxin production, immune suppression, increased RBC production

When it exits through cell lysis.

When it exists through budding.

When it exists through cell mediated protein release.

None of the above.

transmission via ingestion of cat feces, undercooked meat, contaminated water or mosquito bite

Flu like symptoms not serious in normal people but potentially life threatening in pregnant/ immunocompromised

found in all areas of the world

able to infect any nucleated cell

Transfer of disease between individuals of the same species not in a family relationship.

Transfer of disease from mother to embryo/ foetus (perinatally)

Elephantitis

Influenza

Malaria

Brugia malayi

C

D

A

B

Giardiasis

African Trypanosomiasis

Malaria

There are no vaccines for any parasitic infections

They have 2 A strains and 1 B strain.

They are inactivated viruses

They have 2 A strains and 3 B strains.

The type of multivalent vaccines given is determined by surveillance used to predict spread.

a type of gram stain involving the antigen binding to indicate antibody presence.

a type of gram stain involving the antibody binding to indicate antigen presence.

a type of microscopy involving the antigen binding to indicate antibody presence.

a type of microscopy involving the antibody binding to indicate antigen presence.

Malaria/ fever

Filariasis/ elephantitis

Leishmaniasis/ flu like symptoms

Giardiasis/ elephantitis

costs

the ability of governments to prevent the population from becoming aware of the disease

number and incidence of cases

its ability to be treated

whether or not a vaccination exists/ is available

surveillance

health effects

the impact on social classes

the cause of the disease

effect on trade, politics, tourism and legislation

staining patterns

morphology

colour (pink = G+, G-= purple)

colour (purple = G+, G-=pink)

Through the affect they have on the population.

Through the serological differences in H/ N proteins (9 types of H, 2 in humans; 16 types on N, 3 in humans)

Through the ability of their ion channels to function.

Through the serological differences in H/ N proteins (16 types of H, 3 in humans; 9 types on N, 2 in humans)

The virus first enters the blood stream

The virus first infects the host

The virus first enters the host cells

The virus first begins to replicate

destruction of lymphatic tissue and buildup in extremities causing elephantiasis

flu like symptoms

infection of macrophages

transmitted vi contamination of food and water sources, most prominently in subtropical regions of the world.

B

A

C

D

It results in new surface antigens being expressed.

It is genetic reassortment of the RNA when unwrapped in the host cell.

Shift can occur in animals.

Small mutations in the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes that make the protein unrecognisable.

Genetic reassortment of the RNA when unwrapped in the host cell.

Small mutations in the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes that make the protein unrecognisable to pre-existing host immunity.

Large mutations in the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes that make the protein unrecognisable to pre-existing host immunity as small mutations will not overcome adaptive immunity.

The influence of other viruses and bacteria within host cells on Influenza.

Faster and more sensitive than many other known techniques.

Can be used for DNA, RNA or proteins

Implements PCR based on known 5' ends

Can take up to weeks

True

False

Detects presence of antigen (direct) or antibody (indirect)

Detects presence of antigen (indirect) or antibody (direct)

Doesn't detect if a vaccine has been efffective

Uses horse blood agar as a serum

Facilitates exit from the cell by cleaving the salicylic acid residues connecting the virion to its host cell.

Facilitates binding of the virus to the epithelial cell surface and subsequent endocytosis into these cells.

Facilitates exit from the cell by cleaving the sialic acid residues connecting the virion to its host cell.

Prevents viruses from spreading rapidly between hosts.

An acellular, tiny pathogen that is able to cause disease to a host by using the host cell machinery to replicate intracellularly.

Made up of a protein capsid, its genome and possible a lipid envelope (originates in the host cell membrane)

Penetration into a host cell may be via receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion

A virus is a form of bacteria

molecular diagnosis

serology

microscopy

culture

can be infected by direct (ingestion via decal-oral route or active epithelial penetration) or indirect (reproductive stages occur in host vector)

can be infected by indirect (ingestion via decal-oral route or active epithelial penetration) or direct (reproductive stages occur in host vector)

parasitic worms

prokaryotic organisms

have a complex lifecycle

multicellular eukaryotic organisms

C

A

D

B

Binding between viral capsid proteins and specific host cell receptors (determines vulnerability of cells to viral infection)

Binding between the viral capsid carbohydrates and the carbohydrate receptors on host cells.

Phagocytic engulfing of the virus by the host cell.

Integrins forming on the host cells to form an attraction between the two.

Microscopy

Molecular diagnosis

Serology

Culture

Haemagglutinin and Neurominidase

Haemagglutinin and Neuramyniside

Haemaglutonin and Neurominidase

Haemaglutonin and Neuramyniside

ELISA

Molecular Diagnosis

Microsopy

Fluorescent antibody stain

Pseudomycelium is a mass of fungal cells clinging together that has very little resemblance to true mycelium.

Hyphae refers to the branching filamentous structure of a fungus and may be septate (internal cell walls dividing cytoplasm into many cells) or non-septate.

Yeasts are unicellular fungi that don't grow as hyphae but rather, daughter cells bud off parent cells

Mycelium is a mass of branching hyphae

African trypanosomiasis is more lethal

Can be vaccinated against

American trypanosomiasis is infection of trypanosoma cruzi

is a flagellated parasite

Transmitted by a sandfly bite

trypanosomiasis may undergo antigenic variation (so antibodies don't recognise new coat)

Causes sleeping sickness

Circulates in the blood stream

sudden unexpected increase in incidence

an epidemic that spreads beyond the population (global epidemic)

constantly present in/ characteristic of a population

a level of disease that is substantially above the demographic norm

How long the disease has been dormant for.

Whether or not a vaccine is available

Sociopolitical factors

Whether or not the diseases affects our community

Whether or not the disease is treatable

Epidemiology

doesn't give strain differentiation

requires strict transport

need EM

expensive

no viable/ unviable distinction

contamination problems

difficult to carry out

Eukaryotic multicellular organisms that contain chitin.

A form of bacteria.

A prokaryotic organisms that contains chitin.

Single celled eukaryotic organisms that contain septum.

True

False

Culture

Serology

Molecular diagnosis

Microscopy

A eukaryotic organism living in/ on its host for mutual benefit.

A prokaryotic organism living in/ on its host at whose expense it obtains some advantage.

A eukaryotic organism living in/ on its host at whose expense it obtains some advantage.

A prokaryotic organism living in/ on its host for mutual benefit.

Fecal oral route and droplet inhalation

Droplet inhalation and direct transmission

Perinatal transmission and vector transmission

Fecal oral route and vector transmission

Good hygiene practises

Bed nets and insect repellants

Protective, thick clothing

Avoiding contaminated food and water

All of the above

Perinatal

direct transfer (physical/ fluid contact)

by vectors (i.e. insects harbouring viral particles)

airborne (e.g. coughing)

fecal-oral (most common)

Thickness of the peptidoglycan wall of bacteria, parasites and fungi.

Thickness of the peptidoglycan wall of bacteria

Thickness of the peptidoglycan wall of bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses

Thickness of the peptidoglycan wall of viruses

True

False