Immunology

1.

1 point

Which antibody is responsible for mast cell degranulation?

IgG

IgE

IgM

IgD

IgA

2.

1 point

HIV is able to infect CD4 T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells by:

releasing a cytokine at the surface of these cells

taking advantage of the CCR5 mutation

using CD4 and chemokines to envelope proteins

using an envelope protein (gp120) to bind to CD4 and chemokine receptors

3.

1 point

The complement system can only be activated in the presence of antibodies.

True

False

4.

1 point

Which of the following is/are lymphocyte(s) (may be more than 1)

Dendritic cells

Granulocytes

NK cells

T cells

B cells

5.

1 point

The following outline the steps in maturation and selection of B cells. The third step is:

Immature B cell

Pro-B cell

Pre-B cell

Stem cell

Mature B cell

6.

1 point

What is the most common treatment used for anaphylaxis?

7.

1 point

Fall in blood pressure caused by vascular dilation and airway obstruction due to laryngeal edema are characteristic of:

Anaphylaxis

Bronchial asthma

Allergic rhinitis

Food allergy

8.

1 point

(1) Antibodies are produced in the ___
(2) Antibodies mature in the ___
(3) Antibodies enter the blood circulation (true/false)

bone marrow, bone marrow, false

bone marrow, bone marrow, true

bone marrow, thymus, true

thymus, bone marrow, false

9.

1 point

What is/are needed for T-cell activation? (may be more than one)

antigen recognition

co-stimulation

cytokine secretion

IgE secretion

10.

1 point

Bronchial asthma is an example of:

Type I Hypersensitivity

Type III Hypersensitivity

Type II Hypersensitivity

Type IV Hypersensitivity

11.

1 point

Isotope switching involves changes to which part of the antibody?

Fab regions

Fc regions

Variable and constant regions of a specific chain

Strength of disulfide bonds

12.

1 point

Which of the following is not an example of a Type IV (T-cell mediated) hypersensitivity disease?

Toxic shock syndrome

Multiple Scleroris

Rheumatic fever

Tuberculosis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Hypothyroidism

13.

1 point

Which of the following is/are not (a) role(s) of cytokines?

Activation of macrophages

Activation of NK cells

Stimulation of inflammation

Stimulation of adaptive immune response

Prevention of viral infection

14.

1 point

Which of the following is used to treat bronchial asthma?

Epinephrine

Anti-IgE antibodies

Corticosteroids

Antihistamines

15.

1 point

Innate immune defense against intracellular viruses is mediated mainly by (select two)

Interferon-2

Macrophages

Interferon-12

Interferon-1

Natural Killer cells

16.

1 point

Weak recognition of MHC-II + peptide is characteristic of:

Pre-T cell

Pro-T cell

CD4+ T cell

CD8+ T cell

Immature T cell

17.

1 point

Hyperthyroidism and pernicious anaemia are examples of:

Type III Hypersensitivity

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Type I Hypersensitivity

Type II Hypersensitivity

18.

1 point

Most graft rejections are mediated by

Antibodies

Secondary immune response

Macrophages

T cells

19.

1 point

Humanised monoclonal antibodies...

Are used to treat multiple sclerosis

Are used to osteoporosis

Can lead to kidney damage, shock, fever

Result in B-cell immunodeficiency

20.

1 point

Which is mediated by mast cells and IgE?

Type III Hypersensitivity

Type I Hypersensitivity

Type II Hypersensitivity

Type IV Hypersensitivity

21.

1 point

Expression of IgM is found on: (may be more than one)

Mature B cell

Immature B-cell

Pro-B cell

Pre-B cell

Stem cell

22.

1 point

Anergy, which describes T-cells that survive but are incapable of responding to antigens, is an example of ___tolerance

Central

Peripheral

23.

1 point

Blood group known as the "universal donor" (does not contain antigens)

B

A

O

AB

24.

1 point

Methotrexate is used to treat:

Rheumatoid arthritis

Type 1 diabetes

Grave's disease

Crohn's disease

25.

1 point

Activated/effector B lymphocytes usually have the isotype(s)...(may be more than 1)

IgD

IgM

IgE

IgA

IgG

26.

1 point

Which of the following is not a Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR)?

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

RIG-like receptor (RLR)

DIP-like receptors (DLR)

NOD-like receptor (NLR)

C-type lectin receptor (CLR)

27.

1 point

Memory cells make up ___% in newborns and ___% in adults

5%, 10%

50%, 5%

5%, 50%

10%, 5%

28.

1 point

DiGeorge Syndrome is marked by:

Decreased T cells, increased B cells

Decreased T cells, normal B cells

Increased T and B cells

Decrease T and B cells

29.

1 point

Heavy-chain isotype switching of B cells depends on (may be more than one):

CD40L

cytokines

IL-12

MHC-II

30.

1 point

Which of the following extravasate out of the blood vessel during an innate immune response (may be more than one)

Cytokines

Monocytes

Fibrin

Neutrophils

31.

1 point

Antigens are captured by ____ and are transported to ____ (select most correct answer)

Dendritic cells, lymph node

Dendritic cells, lymph node or spleen (if antigen enters blood)

Macrophages, lymph node

Macrophages, lymph node (if antigen enters blood vessel) or spleen

32.

1 point

Type 1 diabetes (IDDM) is caused by:

Autoreactive T cells against skin-associated antigens

Autoreactive T cells against antigens of joint synovium

Autoreactive T cells against pancreatic islet cell antigens

Autoreactive T cells against intestinal flora antigens

33.

1 point

Which of the following is not an effector function of antibodies?

Neutralisation of microbes and toxins

DNA fragmentation and apoptosis

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (NK cell)

Opsonisation and phagocytosis of microbes

Complement activation

34.

1 point

NK cells are activated when ____, causing infected cells to be killed.

Self class 1 MHC molecule is expressed

Self class 1 MHC molecule is inhibited

35.

1 point

____rejection is characterised by thrombosis of graft vessels and ischemic necrosis. It occurs within minutes of transplantation.

Chronic

Hyperacute

Hyperchronic

Acute

36.

1 point

Which is not characteristic of the clonal selection theory?

A single progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity

MHC Class 1 molecules are specific to certain cells of the immune system

self-reactive immature lymphocytes are deleted during development

Stimulation with foreign antigen leads to proliferation of a clone of effector cells

37.

1 point

Cell-based immunotherapies are mostly experimental with some now being licensed for clinical use in:

Type 1 and 2 diabetes

Cancer and transplantation

Rheumatoid arthritis and myasthenia gravis

Peptide-based tolerising vaccines (e.g. for peanut allergies)

38.

1 point

CD4 Helper T cells may divide into subsets of effector cells, with different functions. Type 2 (Th2) is responsible for the activation of eosinophils, which functions mainly in the defence against:

intracellular microbes

extracellular fungal infections

extracellular bacterial infections

helminths

39.

1 point

Vasculitis occurs as a result of which type of reaction?

Type I Hypersensitivity

Type III Hypersensitivity

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Type II Hypersensitivity

40.

1 point

Antibodies except type ___ can lead to a Type II Hypersensitivity reaction

IgG

IgM

IgE

41.

1 point

Which of the following are types of autoimmune diseases? (more than one)

Myasthenia gravis

Thyroiditis

Type 2 diabetes

Multiple Sclerosis

Type 1 diabetes

Rheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

42.

1 point

SCID is characterised by

Decreased T and B cells

Decreased T cells, increased B cells

Increased T and B cells

Increase T cells, normal B cells

43.

1 point

Neonates acquire ___ antibodies from their mothers through the placenta

IgM

IgG

IgE

IgD

IgA

44.

1 point

Which of the following is not characteristic of the innate immune response?

Dendritic cells

Antibodies

Epithelial barriers

Phagocytes

NK cells

Complement

45.

1 point

Selectins mediate_____
Integrins mediate_____
Chemokines mediate____

rolling of blood neutrophils on the endothelium, adhesion of blood neutrophils, migration of blood neutrophils through endothelium to site of infection

adhesion of blood neutrophils, migration of blood neutrophils through endothelium to site of infection, rolling of blood neutrophils on the endothelium

migration of blood neutrophils through endothelium to site of infection, rolling of blood neutrophils on the endothelium, adhesion of neutrophils

46.

1 point

Serum sickness and Arthus reaction are examples of:

Type I Hypersensitivity

Type II Hypersensitivity

Type III Hypersensitivity

Type IV Hypersensitivity

47.

1 point

A difference between B-cell receptors (BCR) and T-cell receptors (TCR) is

TCR's can only see peptides on antigen-presenting cells bound to MHC-I/II

TCR's can recognise a much broader range of chemical structures than BCR's

TCR's exist as membrane receptors or secreted proteins

BCR's exist only as membrane receptors

48.

1 point

____antibody is produced in the lamina propria of mucosal organs and is actively transported by a special Fc receptor across the epithelium into the lumen, where it blocks the ability of microbes to invade the epithelium (GI tract and respiratory tract protection)

IgE

IgG

IgD

IgA

IgM

49.

1 point

The secondary immune response is mediated by

Dendritic cells

Memory lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

NK cells

T lymphocytes

50.

1 point

Blood group known as "universal recipient" (doesn't contain antibodies)

O

AB

A

B