Babs Final Exam Practice (Part 3)

The terminator region is _____ on the gene.

Single sequence repeats (SSRs) are repeating sequences of 2-5 base pairs, and are a source of individual variation within the human genome. It has been found that offspring inherit patterns from both their mother and their father. This makes SSRs ______.

Codons within a gene only code for amino acids

Why is it not possible for a father to pass on an X-linked recessive condition to his son?

Although 6 molecules of 3GP (each with 3-carbons) are produced for every 3 CO2 molecules fixated within the Calvin Cycle, only 1 is available for use within the plant. Why is this so?

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 5' cap (comprised of G bases) and the Poly(A) tail which are attached to either ends of the mRNA after transcription?

Within the ribosome, the mRNA binding site is located within the _____ subunit.

Which of the following is not a way in which mRNA is modified before leaving the nucleus

DNA contains instructions for how a cell will function, these instructions are transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins that perform these particular functions. This is known as _______.

During transcription, the first amino acid in the sequence of any given protein will ALWAYS be ______.

The universal genetic code is a _____ code, which allows the 4 nitrogenous bases to code for 20 discrete amino acids. It is a redundant code however, meaning that there are more possible combinations of of the 4 bases, than there are amino acids to code for.

In order to provide the energy necessary to form peptide bonds between the 'activated' amino acid and the existing peptide chain (both connected the tRNA), which molecule must be hydrolysed?

A stack of thylakoids is known as a ______.

Which of the following is not a step within one round of thermal cycling in PCR?

Which of the following is NOT a possible scenario representing a case of epistasis?

Research has shown that the widow's peak is a dominant trait. Which of the following statements is correct regarding an isolated, non-evolving population of infinite size.

During translation, elongation of the mRNA strand involves various stages, including enzymes ______.

A particular flower is known to have two possible phenotypes for the colour of its petals: red and white. Hypothetically, if a flower of this particular breed was observed to have pink petals, it is likely that the two alleles for this gene have _______.

During electrophoresis, DNA molecules will migrate through an agarose gel matrix towards the ______ at a speed that is inversely proportional to their ______.

How many different types of tRNA molecules exist in a cell?

Which molecules are reducing agents during the reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle (ultimately converting 6 molecules of 3-PG into 6 molecules of G3P)?

The following are all levels of gene expression control within eukaryotic organisms. Which of them is the most important?

In order to provide specificity for the PCR reaction (and thus amplify the correct genomic sequence, carefully constructed _______ must bind prior to the sequence, acting as a primer for DNA polymerase to synethesise onto.

PCR exponentially amplifies a strand of DNA. After 20 cycles, a researcher will end up with approximately ______ copies of that single strand.

When a homologous chromosome fails to separate during Meiosis I or II (undergoing _____), n-1 or n+1 haploids may be formed, which if fertilised, lead to anleuploidy in the offspring. This is the cause of conditions such as Down Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome.

Complex traits are difficult to study genetically because they could be influenced by:

Mitochondrial genes are inherited _______.

Before analysing the DNA created during PCR, it is often stained using GelRed, a dye that binds to nucleic acids and becomes fluorescent under _____.

On a strand of mRNA which is being translated, each codon (comprised of ___ sets of nucleotides) codes for ____ amino acid(s) in a protein.

Assume a non-evolving population which has an infinite size, undergoes random mating and does not undergo mutations or migration.

Consider a locus with the two alleles 'A' and 'a'. If the present frequency of 'A' is 0.80 (and thus the frequency of 'a' is 0.20), what could we predict the frequency of 'A' to be in the next generation?

How many rounds of the Calvin Cycle are required to produce enough 3GP to form one molecule of Fructose (which can then rearrange into Glucose)?

Due to the degeneracy of the universal genetic code, one of the three nucleotides on the tRNA anticodon is often referred to as the 'wobble' base and is not strictly required for base-pairing with the codon. In the following codon GCU (coding for Alanine), what is the 'wobble' base?

Before transcription can occur, a primary activator protein (along with other transcription factors) must bind to the promotor region of a gene before the start point, forming a ______ which signals RNA polymerase II.

The Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions of photosynthesis) takes place in the ______ of the chloroplast.

The stop codon codes for a specific amino acid that is the same for every protein (in a similar way to the start codon)

For a dihybrid test cross of a heterozyote with a homozygote, the predicted ratio of phenotypes was 1:1:1:1, however the observed ratio was 9:9:1:1. Which assertion is most accurate regarding this discrepancy?

Which of the following is not true about fixation.

RNA is _____.

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthase attaches the C-terminus of an amino acid to the 3' OH group at the end a charged tRNA molecule to form a(n) _____ bond.

Translation occurs in the _______.

If for a particular gene, a heterozygote is observed to exhibit an equal combination of both the dominant and recessive phenotypes, the alleles in question are likely to have _______.

PCR has various applications for forensic identification. How could detectives most efficiently distinguish between suspects and link the culprit to a DNA sample left at a crime scene?

When 'splicing' occurs after transcription, ____ are removed from the mRNA to ensure that only its protein-coding sequences remain.

Which of the following is NOT true of autosomal dominant conditions?

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) is often considered the most abundant protein on the earth. It catalyses the carboxylation of RuBP (a 5-carbon compound), by CO2 into a 6-carbon intermediate, which (being so unstable), splits into two 3-PG molecules (3-carbons each). Which step of the Calvin Cycle is it present in?

The large subunit of the ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA (labelled A, P and E). Say for example there are two molecules of tRNA bound to both of these sites, one has a single amino acid attached to it and the other has a polypeptide chain. Which binding sites must the two tRNAs be in (respectively)?

The product of the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle (and ultimately the goal of photosynthesis) is ______.

Which macromolecule is an 'anticodon' found on?

For an X-linked recessive condition, the heterozygous carrier (who is part of the "skipped" generation) is _______.

Within PCR, the high temperature (around __ degrees) required to denature (separate) the DNA strands will inevitably denature human DNA polymerase as well - this is not good! Therefore, we use _____ instead because it is stable at such temperatures.