Chapter 6 Test

education was wasted on women, who should only worry about having many children to populate the republic.

political equality of the sexes fit a republican society.

women should be granted suffrage rights.

women played an indispensable role in the new nation by training future citizens.

Thomas Jefferson’s Republican Party represented maternal interests better than its opponents did.

industry

freedom

diversity

democracy

equality

were happy that the process of abolition under the new state constitutions meant that all current slaves would be free during their lifetimes.

benefited greatly from the popularity of manumission (or voluntary emancipation of slaves by whites).

were unable to establish their own institutions because their numbers were too low.

saw steps being made toward emancipation.

began fleeing to the South when they saw that the new states would not approve emancipation.

45 to 50 percent

10 to 15 percent

30 to 35 percent

5 to 10 percent

20 to 25 percent

obedience to the male heads of household.

the establishment of a republic.

the definition of liberty as a universal entitlement.

all kinds of organized religion.

the principle of hereditary aristocracy.

the number of religious denominations in the United States declined.

organized religion became less important in American life over the next thirty years.

tax-supported churches flourished in every state in the new nation.

violent struggles between religious groups were not uncommon in the backcountry.

upstart churches began challenging the well-established churches.

destroyed forty Indian towns in a campaign against the Iroquois.

encouraged American forces to treat Indians and their lands “truly well and gently.”

was a British spy whom pro-American Creek Indians unmasked.

led pro-American Cherokee troops in campaigns against Lord Cornwallis in North Carolina.

surrendered his forces to the Stockbridge Indians in a humiliating defeat.

Philadelphia’s artisan and lower-class communities took control.

The Second Continental Congress had to take over the state when the people voted to abolish the position of governor, thereby showing how the new nation’s power dynamic would differ greatly from the old system.

The prewar elite had supported independence, then tried to negotiate with Great Britain, costing themselves the respect of the lower classes, who took power from them.

Benjamin Franklin’s departure for France left control of the state up for grabs, and the lower classes took over.

Just through the population retaining the old style of government, they demonstrated that major change was possible without uprooting the whole system.

It meant that, for the first time, men were free to pursue whatever occupations they wished.

It ended coverture, under which husbands exercised full legal authority over their wives.

It challenged the inequality that had been fundamental to the colonial social order.

It ended colonial society’s legally established hereditary aristocracy.

It meant that all men now had a legal claim to an equal distribution of property.

Anti-Catholicism increased when Quebec Catholics volunteered in large numbers for the British army.

Spain’s wartime aid to Britain led Georgian colonists to attack Catholic missions in Florida.

The alliance with France, a predominantly Catholic country, helped diminish American anti-Catholicism.

Because Americans resented Catholic France’s negotiating a separate peace with Great Britain, anti-Catholicism became more prevalent.

Independence led the states to impose anti-Catholic laws that they had been unable to adopt when they were under British control.

a powerful governor and a two-house legislature that reflected the division of society between wealthy and ordinary men.

centralizing political power in a one-house legislature and dispensing with the office of governor.

a legislature elected and controlled entirely by the wealthy, with a weak governor elected by the people so that they would feel that they had a role.

allowing women who owned a certain amount of property to vote, but preventing them from holding political office.

voting rights for all men at least twenty-one years old.

establish food banks to distribute food to the needy.

allow the free market to operate without regulation.

raise taxes on the wealthy.

seek loans from friendly European governments.

adopt measures to fix wages and prices.

many times enjoyed the right to vote

avoided supporting the abolitionist cause out of fear of reprisals.

all took the last names of their former masters.

refused to provide havens for fugitive slaves because doing so would have led to the revocation of their own emancipation.

declined in number as newly freed slaves left the country whenever possible.

was similar to the ideas expressed by Isaac Backus, a Baptist leader.

required Americans to join a church.

showed that he actively sought to stamp out religious worship.

provided for churches to receive tax revenue.

eliminated religious requirements for voting and officeholding.

George Washington

Thomas Jefferson

Benjamin Franklin

John Adams

James Madison

The U.S. government generally left them alone because it was busy trying to restore order after the war.

The U.S. government set out to dispossess the Native Americans of their remaining rich lands and drive them westward.

The U.S. government pursued a policy of outright extermination.

The U.S. government recognized Indian claims to their traditional lands from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.

The U.S. government tried to protect them from encroachment by backcountry farmers, as required by the Treaty of Paris.

They volunteered to fight in the Continental army, but George Washington rejected them.

Most tribes officially maintained neutrality but secretly aided one side or the other.

They all allied themselves with the Americans, since the British had failed to protect them against American encroachment.

They all allied themselves with the British, who promised to protect them against American encroachment.

They divided in allegiance, just as white Americans did.

They prompted the writers of the Constitution to ban paper money—a provision that later was repealed.

They led the Continental Congress to obtain huge loans from Catherine the Great of Russia.

Angry Americans voted out congressmen who had approved the paper money that caused the inflation.

They encouraged more men to enlist in the Continental army because military pay increased with inflation.

They prompted protests by Americans, especially women, who took goods from merchants whom they accused of hoarding.

Monrovia

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Benin

Ghana

Anglican ministers and imperial officials

southern backcountry farmers

Highland Scots in North Carolina

slaves hoping for freedom with a British victory

Pennsylvania artisans

the publication of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

Isaac Newton’s explanation of the law of gravity as applied to economics

memories of the despised Intolerable Acts

the failure of wartime tariffs to solve the problem of the national debt

riots over inflation in the streets of Boston

Several states finally allowed Jews to vote and to hold public office.

Thomas Jefferson wrote a bill for establishing religious freedom in Virginia, but the House of Burgesses never adopted it.

Seven state constitutions began with a declaration of rights that included a commitment to “the free exercise of religion.”

States increased public funding of religion because they no longer had to win British approval to do so.

Deists and evangelicals fought with one another over whether church and state should be separate.

Its new constitution centralized political power in a one-house legislature.

A vacuum of political leadership opened the door for artisans.

Nearly all of its prewar elites opposed independence.

The state’s new constitution gave only limited power to the state’s governor.

The radical leadership attacked property qualifications for voting.

Soon after the war, states repealed test oaths that discriminated against Loyalists.

Hostility toward Loyalists after the war proved to be short-lived.

Fewer than 10,000 Loyalists left America after the war.

Loyalists were quickly reintegrated into American society.

Confiscated property was not returned to them after the war.

Slaves realized that by defining freedom as a universal right, the leaders of the Revolution had devised a weapon that could be used against their own bondage.

The language of liberty echoed in slave communities, North and South.

“Freedom petitions” were presented by slaves in New England beginning in the early 1770s.

After the Revolution, emancipation in the North was swift and all encompassing.

The number of runaway slaves, as measured by newspaper advertisements, rose dramatically.

Several states denied Loyalists the right to vote and forced them into exile.

Many states required oaths of allegiance to the new nation.

New state governments suppressed newspapers thought to be loyal to Britain.

The New England states forced Loyalists into militias against their will.

Pennsylvania’s government seized property from members of pacifist religious groups.

the Lockean belief in protecting property against outside interference

the fact that slavery was an old institution in America

the reality that a high percentage of some states’ populations consisted of slaves

the widespread fear that freed slaves would move west and unite with Indians

the idea that slavery for blacks made freedom possible for whites

replacing their husbands in political offices

selling homemade goods to the army

spying on the British army

fighting in the war

participating in crowd actions against merchants accused of hoarding goods

New York

Pennsylvania

Massachusetts

New Jersey

Virginia

King George III had supported them, and anything associated with the king was unpopular in the United States.

The lack of freedom inherent in apprenticeship and indentured servitude struck growing numbers of Americans as incompatible with republican citizenship.

Northerners were outlawing slavery in their state constitutions and began to eliminate apprenticeship and indentured servitude as well amid southern charges of hypocrisy.

Thomas Paine’s criticism of them in Common Sense greatly influenced the many who had read his pamphlet.

Many apprentices and indentures had refused to fight in the Revolution, and their bosses, resenting them for it, got rid of them.