micro part 4

375. True or False? The ELISA test has virtually the same sensitivity as RIA and RAST but does not require expensive equipment or radioactivity.

399. True or false? Vancomycin has emerged as a key treatment in therapy for gram positive organisms that are resistant to other antibiotics; it is often is referred to as the “drug of last resort.”

377. True or False? If the developing immune system does not “experience” common microbes, there is a good chance it will fail to function properly—and allergies and hypersensitivities may be the result.

353. True or False? Nosocomial infections are often caused by breaches of infection control practices and procedures, unclean and non-sterile environmental surfaces, and/or ill employees.

367. True or False? The phenomenon of herd immunity says when approximately 90 percent of the population is vaccinated, the spread of the disease is effectively stopped.

383. True or False? Hemolytic disease of the newborn will generally not occur during a woman's first pregnancy because her initial exposure to Rh antigens occurs during the birth of her first child.

382. True or False? Asthma is characterized by wheezing and stressed breathing and appears to be due to the same allergens associated with hay fever.

376. True or False? Monoclonal antibodies are produced by carcinoma cells.

370. True or False? In precipitation reactions, antigens on the surfaces of particles react with antibodies and cause the cells to precipitate to the bottom of the vessel.

381 True or False?. Late-phase anaphylaxis takes several hours for the tissue to become hot, tender, red, and swollen. The mast cells induce this reaction by releasing chemokines that attract other cells to the site to bring about the changes.

373. True or False? The direct fluorescent antibody test requires that antiglobulin antibodies be used, while the indirect test has no such requirement.

388. True or False? In DiGeorge syndrome, the thymus fails to mature in the embryo with the result that T lymphocytes are not formed in sufficient numbers.

364. True or False? A danger of subunit vaccines is that disease may occur in an immuno-incompetent person who is vaccinated.

395. True or false? The quinolones are synthetic drugs which block DNA synthesis and are used to treat urinary tract infections, gonorrhea and chlamydia, and intestinal tract infections.

359. True or False? A mixture of plasma dead tissue cells, leukocytes, and dead bacteria enclosed in a wall of fibrin yields an abscess or boil.

369. True or False? Immunoelectrophoresis techniques are based in part on the precipitation reaction that takes place between antigens and antibodies.

386. True or False? Allografts are usually very successful because tissue from one part of the person's body is grafted to another part.

357. True or False? Innate immunity develops over the course of the infection, taking several days to more than a week to mount an effective response and a protective defense.

396. True or false? Penicillinase-producing bacteria convert penicillin to penicilloic acid, which has no effect on the bacterial cell wall.

380. True or False? Atopic diseases such as hay fever and asthma are diseases in which a type I hypersensitivity reaction occurs in a localized area of the body.

368. True or False? The titer of antibody is the most concentrated amount of serum that yields a detectable reaction with its specific antigen.

390. True or false? Antibiotic abuse and misuse encourages the emergence of resistant species of microorganisms.

393. True or false? Vancomycin interferes with aspects of folic acid metabolism in bacteria that cause urinary tract infections.

392. True or false? Sulfanilamide can interfere with the metabolism of bacteria because it is so similar to the PABA.

355. True or False? The polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages are primarily concerned with phagocytosis.

360. True or False? The internalization of a microbe into phagocyte is enhanced when the microbe is coated with certain serum proteins, such as antibodies or complement. These protein molecules, called opsonins, attach to microbes and increase the ability of phagocytes to adhere to the pathogen.

354. True or False? Innate immunity, consists of several nonspecific defenses present in all humans from the time of birth.

397. True or false? Penicillin antibiotics are used primarily against gram-positive bacteria, but in high concentrations they are also inhibitory to some gram-negative bacteria.

372. True or False? Antiglobulin antibodies are those that interact with human antibodies such as in fluorescent antibody techniques.

361. True or False? The immune system responds to invasion by pathogenic microbes by mounting a rapid innate response, followed several days later by the development of antibodies and lymphocytes as part of the acquired immune response.

366. True or False? Immunizing agents include toxoids, subunit vaccines containing parts of microorganisms, and recombinant vaccines such as that used for hepatitis B.

391. True or false? After Fleming noticed the antibacterial effect of Penicillin he isolated it and used it on several patients as World War II was beginning and was able to make it available for therapy.

374. True or False? The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) can be used to detect IgE antibodies in the serum of a person possibly allergic to penicillin.

362. True or False? Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells membrane that accelerate the formation of phagolysosomes and faster killing of engulfed microbes.

389. True or False? A person infected with HIV develops AIDS immediately.

356. True or False? The lymphocyte is a leukocyte with a single nucleus that exists in the lymph nodes and functions in the immune system.

400. True or false? All antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents are produced by species of Streptomyces.

371. True or False? The indicator system in the complement fixation test is used to determine whether complement was used up in the test system.

385. True or False? Autoimmune disorders result from a failure of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self.

384. True or False? An important application of infection allergy is the skin test for tuberculosis, in which bacterial antibodies are applied to the skin to test whether anaphylaxis occurs in 48 hours.

358. True or False? A natural barrier to the intestine is provided by the extremely alkaline environment of the stomach contents.

398. True or false? Both bacitracin and polymyxin B are synthesized by Bacillus species. They are quite toxic internally and can cause kidney damage. Therefore, they generally are restricted to topical use, such as on the skin.

378. True or False? Mast cells are connective tissue cells to which IgG attaches and sensitizes an individual during development of a type I hypersensitivity.

351. True or False? Reservoirs of infection include animals, humans, water, and soil.

363. True or False? In the preparation of toxoids, the antigenicity of the toxin remains while the toxigenicity is destroyed.

387. True or False? The graft versus host rejection is observed in bone marrow transplants when immune cells in the marrow form immune products against the host cells, following suppression of the host's immune system.

365. True or False? Naturally acquired active immunity to a particular disease may occur when antibodies cross the placenta from the mothers circulation to that of the fetus.

379. True or False? The vast majority of hypersensitivity reactions are accompanied by limited production of IgE and the sensitization of mast cells only in localized areas of the body.

352. True or False? The most common nosocomial infections are infection of surgical wounds, or infections to the respiratory, urogenital, or gastrointestinal tracts.

394. True or false? The antituberculosis drug isoniazid interferes with cell wall synthesis in Mycobacterium by inhibiting production of sulfanilic acid.