Ruminant Med Exam 1

1.

1 point

What is the main pathogen you should think of if you see diarrhea in a 12 hour - 3 day old calf?

Salmonella

Rotavirus

ETEC

Coronavirus

2.

1 point

Salmonella causes a _____ type of diarrhea.

Malabsorptive

Secretory

Both

3.

1 point

Which of the following is the LEAST effective thing you can do for a calf with ETEC diarrhea?

Immunostimulant

Antibiotics

Fluids (oral/IV)

4.

1 point

Calves must absorb ____ grams of IgG within first 12 hours of life, so we give them ____ liters of good quality colostrum containing about _____ g of IgG.

40; 4; 150-200

40; 4; 50

40; 1; 40

4; 10; 150-200

5.

1 point

What of the following is NOT a treatment for meningitis in a septicemic calf?

NSAIDs

Steroids

Fluids

Antibiotics

6.

1 point

What is the best way to diagnose Rotavirus?

Fecal electron microscopy - ID of viral particles

PCR

ELISA - ID rotaviral Ag in feces

Latex agglutination

7.

1 point

Why would the diarrhea continue if the Rotavirus infection only lasts 24 hours?

Secondary bacterial infection

Villi were destroyed - they will never repair

Villi were damaged - replacement epithelial cells must mature

8.

1 point

Diarrhea seen with ETEC commonly is yellow & watery and also usually associated with tenesmus and blood.

True

False

9.

1 point

What is the primary virulence factor for ETEC?

Enterotoxins

Adhesins in pili

Flagella

Resistance genes

10.

1 point

Rotavirus causes _____ in neonatal calves:

High morbidity, low mortality

Low morbidity, low mortality

High morbidity, high mortality

Low morbidity, high mortality

11.

1 point

ETEC causes a _____ diarrhea.

Secretory

Malabsorptive

12.

1 point

Calves tend to eventually grow out of coronavirus infections.

True

False

13.

1 point

Which joint has the worst prognosis if affected by polyarthritis in a septicemic calf?

Carpus

Hock

Stifle

Tarsus

14.

1 point

What are the two most common types of Salmonella that cause diarrhea in calves?

S. muenstar

S. typhi

S. typhimurium

S. dublin

S. newport

15.

1 point

What is the ideal result of an ELISA that is testing for passive transfer?

1 line = passive transfer occurred

2 lines = passive transfer occurred

16.

1 point

You see a calf that has "pudding like" stools that "stand up in a pile" and you determine:

He must have ETEC

He's normal

He must have Salmonella

He must have Rotavirus

17.

1 point

Coronavirus is unique from Rotavirus in that it infects:

Large & small intestinal villous cells

Crypt epithelium

18.

1 point

Which test would you choose to test a herd (multiple animals) for FPT?

Whole blood glutaraldehyde test

Radial immunodiffusion test

Serum total protein

Zinc sulfate turbidity test

19.

1 point

What is the primary method of transmission for Salmonella?

Fecal-oral

Secretions (nasal, oral, genital)

Aerosol

20.

1 point

Rotavirus causes:

Secretory diarrhea

Malabsorptive diarrhea

Both of the above

21.

1 point

It is very important to identify the exact cause of neonatal diarrhea in calves and therefore economically feasible to do so.

True

False

22.

1 point

Which of the following do we NOT see with Cryptosporidum infection?

Damage to villous epithelium

Villous atrophy

Crypt epithelium hyperplasia

Crypt epithelium atrophy

23.

1 point

Cryptosporidium is a major concern in calves because it is potentially zoonotic.

True

False

24.

1 point

What is the specific treatment for Cryptosporidium in a calf?

NSAIDs

Antiprotozoal

Antibiotics

No specific treatment

25.

1 point

Which of the following are common colostrum MYTHS (= false)?

Colostrum from all heifers must be discarded

Pooling of colostrum from different cows improves quality

You can determine the quality based on appearance

26.

1 point

If a calf has been determined to have failure of passive transfer and is > 24 hours old which of the following is NOT an option for treatment?

Place in clean environment

Give colostrum

Give IV or IP serum or plasma

27.

1 point

What is the single most important aspect of raising calves?

Removal from dam to prevent injury

Providing appropriate temperature

Ensuring passage of meconium

Good colostrum management

28.

1 point

Which of the following is/are correct about Salmonella toxins?

Cytotoxin inhibits protein synthesis in mucosal cells which leads to cell damage and increased permeability of cell junctions

Cytotoxin stimulates prostaglandin release, which increases cAMP and results in increased Cl- and H20 secretion

Enterotoxin inhibits protein synthesis in mucosal cells which leads to cell damage and increased permeability of cell junctions

Enterotoxin stimulates prostaglandin release, which increases cAMP and results in increased Cl- and H20 secretion

29.

1 point

What makes ETEC bacteria able to survive in neonates when they cannot in animals older than a few days?

Abomasal pH not high enough in neonates

Abomasal pH not low enough in neonates

Rumen bacteria not developed in neonates

30.

1 point

What are things you should do during a physical exam of a calf suspected to have failure of passive transfer?

Palpate joints & umbilicus

Listen to lungs & heart

Look at position of eyes

Check for other congenital defects

31.

1 point

What are common things you might find on a CSF analysis of a septicemic calf that has secondary meningitis?

Low WBC number

Xanthochromia

Low TP

Pleocytosis

32.

1 point

Which of the following are ways to diagnose Cryptosporidium in a calf?

Iodine stained wet mount of feces

Fecal float

Acid-fast stain

Histopathology

33.

1 point

ETEC toxin activates cGMP in epithelial cells of the gut, which leads to:

Malabsorption due to severe villous damage

Inhibition of Na-Cl co-transporter in SI

Hypersecretion (Cl-) from crypt cells

34.

1 point

What is the prognosis for a calf with septicemia?

Not good, only treat valuable calves

Good, treat all calves

Great, no treatment needed

Fair, treat calves unless they are already showing signs of joint infections

35.

1 point

Cryptosporidium is a bacterial pathogen that is a common cause of calves from 5 days to 1 month of age.

True

False

36.

1 point

Which of the following methods of testing for passive transfer is considered gold standard in FOALS but is impractical in CALVES?

Sodium sulfite turbidity assay

Serum total protein

Radial immunodiffusion assay

ELISA

37.

1 point

What are the clinical signs in a case with the acute septicemic form of Salmonella?

Anorexia

Sudden death without any previous clinical signs

Extremely elevated rectal temperature

Profuse diarrhea

38.

1 point

In calves, > 95% of ETEC cases have ____ adhesin (pilus Ag)

F6 (987P)

F4 (K88)

F5 (K99)

F18

39.

1 point

Coronavirus is a single-stranded RNA virus that is approx 160 nm in diameter

True

False

40.

1 point

Which of the following is NOT a good way to control Rotaviral infections?

Vaccinate dams to increase colostral Ab

Disinfect hutches between calves

Isolate new animals upon arrival

Vaccinate calves

41.

1 point

Which of the following is considered a positive result of the sodium sulfite turbidity test and what does that mean?

No turbidity; adequate passive transfer occurred

Turbidity; failure of passive transfer

Turbidity; adequate passive transfer occurred

42.

1 point

Which phase of Salmonella infection has high mortality?

Lymph node spread

Liver spread

Septicemia

Local invasion of intestinal wall + toxin production

43.

1 point

Why would you vaccinate the cow against ETEC with purified F5 Ag in late gestation?

To protect future calves born in the same calving area from contracting ETEC

To prevent the neonate from becoming seropositive from in utero exposure

To prevent the cow from contracting ETEC from the neonate after birth

To increase the Ab to it in her colostrum to help ensure the neonate is protected

44.

1 point

Gut closure in ruminants occurs around _____ after birth.

30 minutes

24 hours

1-2 days

3-5 days

45.

1 point

What are the recommended treatments for polyarthritis secondary to septicemia?

Joint lavage

IV plasma

Steroids

Antibiotics (ceftiofur, ampicillin, etc)

46.

1 point

Coronavirus primarily causes a ____ type of diarrhea

Secretory

Malabsorptive

47.

1 point

Which bacteria is the most common cause of meningitis secondary to septicemia?

Salmonella

Mycoplasma bovis

E. coli

Strep bovis

48.

1 point

Rotavirus is a double-stranded DNA virus that is enveloped and has a particle size of 25 nm

True

False

49.

1 point

Colostrum provides ____ to the ruminant neonate:

Local immunity

Systemic immunity

Both local & systemic immunity

50.

1 point

Salmonella is a gram positive intracellular bacteria that causes diarrhea in neonatal ruminants.

True

False

Ruminant Med Exam 1 - Part 4