OKEP 15 May 2015

a) Regulating host Immunity

b) Protecting host against pathogenic microbes

c) Producing vitamins and other essential nutrients

d) All

e) None

a) Firmicutes

b) Bacteroidetes

c) Actinobacteria

d) Proteobacteria

e) Verrucomicrobia

f) All

g) None

a) An increased number of intestinal aerobic bacteria (E.Coli, K.Pneumonie, Enterococcus)

b) An increased number of intestinal anaerobic Clostridium perfringens

c) Decreased number of intestinal anaerobic bacteria (Bifidobacterium species)

d) All

e) None

f) a & c

a) Lower number of Bifidobacterium species in PD

b) Lower number of Bifidobacterium species in healthy human

c) Lower number of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paracasei in PD

d) Lower number of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paracasei in healthy

e) a & c

f) All

g) None

a) Possess bacterial families that increase urease, uricase, and indole & p-cresol forming enzymes

b) Possess bacterial families that reduce butyrate-forming enzymes

c) Both

d) None

a) Alterations in colonic epithelium contributes to the accumulation of gut-derived uraemic toxins

b) These uremic toxins are precursors for lipopolysaccharides may be absorbed into the bloodstream & causes systemic inflammation

c) These compounds are cytotoxic and will induce cardiovascular and immune alterations

d) These toxins are markers of cardiovascular disease and mortality in CKD patients

e) All

f) None

a) Indoxyl sulphate

b) P-cresyl sulphate

c) Amines & ammonia

d) Trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO)

e) All

f) None

a) Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

b) ROS production triggers the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules

c) Both are correct

d) None