ASTR FINAL PART 2

the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface

cooling and contracting of the planet's interior, which caused the mantle and lithosphere to be compressed

the eruption of molten rock from a planet's interior to its surface

the wearing down or building up of geological features by wind, water, ice, and other phenomena of planetary weather

the disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses

Earth doesn't have as strong a greenhouse effect as is present on Venus

most of the carbon dioxide was lost during the age of bombardment

Earth's volcanoes did not outgas as much carbon dioxide as those on Venus and Mars

chemical reactions with other gases destroyed the carbon dioxide and replaced it with the nitrogen that is in the atmosphere now

carbon dioxide dissolves in water, and most of it is now contained in the oceans and carbonate rocks

volcanoes

all of the above

cliffs

mountains

valleys

the process by which different types of minerals form a conglomerate rock

the process by which gravity separates materials according to density

any process by which a planet evolves differently from its moons

any process by which a planets surface evolves differently from another planets surface

any process by which one part of a planet's surface evolves differently from another part of the same planet's surface

They were cooler when they formed

They have relatively fewer radioactive elements.

They have relatively more surface area compared to their volumes.

The smaller ones are farther from the Sun.

They had more volcanic eruptions in the past, which released their internal heat.

plates slip sideways relative to one another

hot mantle material rises upward and spreads sideways, pushing the plates apart

one plate slides under another, returning older crust to the mantle

hot mantle material rises upward, creating volcanic islands

plates push together, creating ocean mountain chains

longer than the age of the solar system

200 million years

2 billion years

20 million years

2 million years

high internal temperature

a dense atmosphere

low surface gravity

low internal temperature

high surface gravity

size and atmosphere

size and chemical composition

composition and distance from the Sun

distance from the Sun and atmosphere

internal temperature and atmosphere

about 1 mile per hour

a few kilometers per century

quite fast, but only during earthquakes

a few centimeters per year

a few millimeters per century

doesn't have an atmosphere or oceans.

is struck often by meteors and solar system debris

has high internal temperatures

is closer to the Sun

absorption of infrared radiation by greenhouse gases

absorption of visible light by ozone

Atoms and molecules absorb infrared sunlight

convection from the Earths surface

Absorption of UV radiation by ozone

differentiation

radiation

accretion

conduction

convection

faster rotation rate raise the atmospheric temperature

the rotation rate determines how long the planet is able to retain its atmosphere

faster rotation rates raise surface temperatures and thus determine how much material is gaseous versus icy or liquid

faster rotation rates produce stronger winds

the rotation rate determines how much atmosphere a planet has

convection carried the metals to the core

the entire planets are made mostly of metal

metals condensed first in the solar nebula and the rocks then accreted around them

radioactivity created metals in the core from the decay of uranium

metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout.

a molten metallic core only

a rocky mantle only

both a molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation

both a metal core and a rocky mantle

fast rotation only

Mars

Venus

Mercury

the Moon

Earth

material above the crust.

the rigid rocky material of the crust and uppermost portion of the mantle.

the lava that comes out of volcanoes.

the softer rocky material of the mantle.

material between the crust and the mantle.

a planets temperature

a planets distance from the Sun

the tilt of a planets axis

the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

a planets size and rotation rate

similar rocks and fossils are found in different continents

earthquakes

existence of volcanoes

some continental boundaries fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

high ocean ridges between continents

It is the only one that has a metallic core.

It is the most volcanically active world.

It is by far the largest terrestrial world.

It is the only one that has both a partially molten metallic core and reasonably rapid rotation.

It rotates much faster than any other terrestrial world.

gases that absorb UV light

gases that transmit infrared light

gases that transmit visible light

gases that absorb visible light

gases that absorb infrared light

the part of the atmosphere that absorbs UV

the lowest layer in the atmosphere

the part of the atmosphere that absorbs X rays

the highest layer in the atmosphere

the part of the atmosphere that absorbs optical light

troposphere, stratosphere, exosphere, thermosphere

stratosphere, troposphere, thermosphere, exosphere

troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

stratosphere, troposphere, exosphere, thermosphere

none of the above

flows slowly like honey.

conducts electricity.

is very dark in color.

is runny like water.

is very light in color.

accretion

differentiation

radioactivity

both A and B

all of the above

The planet must be made of both metal

The planet must be geologically active, that is, have volcanoes, planetquakes, and erosion from weather

the planet must have an atmosphere

The planet must have a molten interior.

The planet must have a rocky surface

a decreasing albedo

a decrease in the amount of greenhouse gases

a major volcanic eruption that increases the albedo of the planet by making clouds

a decrease in the brightness of the Sun

none of the above

there is little volcanic activity to create craters.

the surface in the region is older than the surface in more heavily cratered regions.

the planet formed after the age of bombardment and missed out on getting hit by leftover planetesimals.

the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions.

the planet is rotating very slowly and only one side was hit by impactors.

accretion

differentiation

radioactivity

tidal heating

all of the above

Mercury and Venus

Earth and the Moon

Earth and Mars

Earth and Venus

Venus and the Moon

Greenhouse gases transmit visible light, allowing it to hear the surface, but then absorb infrared light from Earth, trapping the heat near the surface

Ozone transmits visible light, allowing it to heat the surface, but then absorbs most of the infrared heat, trapping the heat near the surface

Greenhouse gases absorb X rays and UV light from the Sun, which then heat the atmosphere and the surface

the higher the pressure of the thick atmosphere at lower altitudes traps heat in more effectively

Greenhouse gases absorb infrared light from the Sun, which then heats the atmosphere and the surface

impacts of asteroids and planetesimals

cooling and contracting of the planet's interior, which caused the mantle and lithosphere to be compressed

volcanism, which produced heavy volcanoes that bent and cracked the lithosphere

the circulation of convection cells in the mantle, which dragged against the lithosphere

internal temperature changes that caused the crust to expand and stretch

It is the process in which a liquid separates according to density, such as oil and water separating in a jar.

It is the process in which warm material expands and rises while cool material contracts and falls.

It is the process in which bubbles of gas move upward through a liquid of the same temperature.

It is the process in which warm material gets even warmer and cool material gets even cooler.

It is the process by which rocks sink in water.

273 K, or about the freezing point for water

250 K, which is well below freezing

293 K, or about 5 K warmer than it is now

283 K, or about 5 K cooler than it is now

288 K, or about the same as it is now

geological activity.

temperature.

color.

composition.

strength.

Volcanoes continued to inject CO2 into Earth's atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect to the point where ice melted.

life vanished, leading to an increase in CO2, and increased global warming, eventually melting the ice

the increased ice coverage on Earth's surface absorbed more sunlight than water and rocks, thus gradually heating Earth until the ice melted

plate tectonics gradually subducted all the ice below Earth's surface

as the Sun aged, it grew brighter and increased Earth's temperature, melting the ice

10-20 percent larger

the same size

1,000 times larger

10 times larger

100 times larger

the lower the albedo, the more light the surface reflects, and the less it absorbs

the higher the albedo, the more light the surface absorbs

the higher the albedo, the more light the atmosphere absorbs

the higher the albedo, the more light the surface emits

the higher the albedo, the more light the surface reflects, and the less it absorbs

one plate slides under another, returning older crust to the mantle

plates pull apart, leaving great rifts in the crust

hot mantle material rises upward and spreads sideways, pushing the plates apart

plates push together, creating ocean mountain chains

plates slip sideways relative to one another

internal temperature

pressure

viscosity

distance of planet from Sun

composition

a weak greenhouse effect operates on Mars

the burning of fossil fuels increases the greenhouse effect on Earth because of the release of carbon dioxide

without the naturally occurring greenhouse effect, Earth would be too cold to have liquid oceans

one result of an increased greenhouse effect on Earth may be an increased number of severe storms

all of the above

Large impactors aim for life-forms such as dinosaurs

The oceans slow large impactors and prevent them from making craters

Large impactors primarily strike land masses

The oceans erode away craters faster than erosion processes on land

The seafloor crust is younger than the continental crust

3.8 million years

14 billion years

4.6 million years

4.6 billion years

10,000 years

accretion, differentiation, and eruption.

accretion, differentiation, and radioactivity.

conduction, convection, and eruption.

convection, differentiation, and eruption.

conduction, differentiation, and accretion.

Mars

Venus

Mercury

Earth

infrared

radio

visible

UV

none of the above

Seafloor crust is thicker, older, and higher in density

Seafloor crust is thicker, younger, and lower in density

Seafloor crust is thinner, younger, and higher in density

Seafloor crust is thinner, older, and lower in density

Seafloor crust is thicker, older, and lower in density

Mercury, Moon, Venus, Earth, Mars

Mercury, Moon, Mars, Earth, Venus

Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth

Moon, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Mars

absorbs visible light

absorbs infrared light

absorbs UV light

absorbs X rays

contains greenhouse gases