BIOC L31-40

B-DNA structure?

Z-DNA structure?

What are the nutritional functions of carbohydrates?

What makes up nucleic acids?

Bends?

__ temperature denatures DNA.

A-DNA structure?

Adenine, Guanine

At low temp, DNA is __. At high temp, DNA is in a __.
Answer in the form
answer 1, answer 2

What is the structure of DNA?

Freebie! Think to yourself how you think bacteria might develop resistance to antibiotics like penicillin.

Fatty acids covalently linked to the backbone molecules glycerol or sphingosine.

Monosaccharides react (inter/intra)-molecularly to become cyclic.

Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)

What are the informational functions of carbohydrates?

Outside a cell, c1=2.0E-4 M and v1=0 mV. In the cell, c2=1.0E-3 M and V2=-75 mV. No charged species are involved, and the temperature is 310 K. In kJ/mol, what is the change in Gibbs free energy for transport into the cell? (Round to two sig figs.)

What are the structural functions of carbohydrates?

What three amino acids commonly make contact with bases in nucleotides?

Saturated fatty acids pack less tightly than unsaturated fatty acids.

Palindromes?

Nucleotides have a phosphate attached to the 5' carbon of a pentose and a __ or a __ base connected to the 1' carbon in the beta position.

answer in the form
answer 1, answer 2

Is rRNA single, double, or triple stranded?

A crucial property of the double helix is the two strands can be separated without disrupting covalent bonds.

Freebie! Remember what the major and minor grooves are in the base pairs.

By cyclization, carbonyl C becomes a new __ center: __ carbon. Two different isomers can be found: alpha and __. The former is when the carbon is __ the field, and the latter is when the carbon is __ the field.

DNAs with a low G+C content are generally less stable.

What are the two ways to cross a membrane layer?
1. against gradient; requires energy
2. down gradient; does not require energy

(1. answer, 2. answer

What are the different glycoconjugates?
1. Polysaccharides linked by peptides
2. Association of proteins with one or more glycosaminoglycan chains. Polysaccharide makes up greater part of weight.
3. Proteins with one or more complex oligosaccharides; information rich molecules.
4. Membrane lipids with hydrophilic oligosaccharide head groups; recognized by specific proteins.
answer in the form 1. answer, 2. answer, 3. answer, 4. answer

what is this compound?
Defined: Linear, complex heteropolysaccharides
Composition: repeating disaccharide units, one of either N-acetylglycosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine (sometimes sulfate esters and the other a uronic acid.
Examples: hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin
Function: components of the extracellular matrix, a porous gel between cells containing fibrous proteins (collagen, elastin, fibronectin). Shorter chains can be covalently linked to proteins in proteoglycans.

What is the most common form of the DNA double helix?

How many units are in the following? Insert the number in the respective order:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides (x~y)
Polysaccharides (Less than/More than~z)
Finally, how are the sugar units connected? __ bonds
Answer in the form
answer 1, answer 2, answer 3....

Enantiomers are

___ act as tissue organizers and mediate growth factor activities.

RNA is more chemically stable than DNA.

Denaturation can be followed at __ nm because absorbance of the bases is less when stacked in the helix than in the random coil state.

Membrane fluidity is affected by temperature.

What kind of transport systems are described by the following?
1. A protein in which a single substrate passes through the protein channel.
2. Two substrates pass through a protein channel the same way.
3. Two substrates pass through a protein channel in opposite directions.
(1. answer, 2. answer, 3. answer)

Epimers are

What enzyme is common in tears and bacterial viruses?

In DNA, A pairs with __ and in RNA A pairs with __. In both, G pairs with __.

Answer in the form x, y, z

Saturated fatty acids have at least one C=C bond.

What are the two terms for carbohydrates?
Answer in the form x, y

__ blocks cell wal formation in bacteria by blocking action of the transpeptidases that form the pentaglycine crosslinks in the peptidoglycan structure.

Messenger RNA is produced by __, which is an enzymatic synthesis of an RNA molecule complementary to a protein-encoding strand of DNA (gene). It is the __ for protein synthesis. It interacts with tRNA and the ribosome in protein synthesis.

Answer in the form
answer 1, answer 2

What are the properties of carbohydrates?