ASTR FINAL PART 3

the moon

comets

the cores of asteroids

Mars

all of the above

at the center of the galaxy

in the halo of the galaxy above the galactic disk

about 10 % of the way from the center of the galaxy to the outskirts of the galactic disk

about two thirds of the way from the center of the galaxy to the outskirts of the galactic

near the far outskirts of the galactic disk

the nucleus

the plasma tail

the jets of gas

the coma

the dust tail

emits twice as much

emits 1% as much

emits half as much

emits 10 times as much

emits 10% as much

most are unchanged since their formation in the solar nebula

they have similar orbital radii

they have a similar range of orbital inclinations

they have similar densities

they have nothing in common with each other

a planet's period does not depend on the eccentricity of its orbit.

all orbits with the same semimajor axis have the same period.

the period of a planet does not depend on its mass.

planets that are farther from the Sun move at slower average speeds than nearer planets.

all above are correct

it held that sometimes the planets moved backward along their circular orbits

it held that the planets moved along small circles that moved on larger circles around Earth

it held that the planets moved along small circles that moved on larger circles around the Sun

it placed the Sun at the center so that the planets apparent retrograde motion was seen as Earth passed each one in its orbit

it varied the motion of the celestial sphere so that it sometimes moved backward

they always have a tail (until they run out of material)

beyond Jupiters orbit

inside Mercurys orbit

between Mercury and Earth's orbit

inside of Jupiter's orbit

about a quarter the size of the moon

about the size of a large jovian moon

smaller than any jovian moon

about the size of Pluto

larger than pluto and mercury

in late Nov

in late Dec

in lat Oct

in late Aug

in late Sept

meteor

meteoroid

meteorite

cometary fragment

solar system debris

the size of a typical campus

the size of a typical dorm room

the size of a typical campus building

the size of a western state

the size of a small city

the place where Jupiter aurora is most visible

the place where reddish particles from Io impact Jupiter's surface

a large mountain peak poking up above the clouds

a long lived, high pressure storm

a hurricane that comes and goes on Jupiter

by measuring the size of Earths shadow on the Moon in a lunar eclipse

by comparing the max altitude of the Sun in two cities at diff latitudes

by observing the duration of a solar eclipse

by sending fleets of ships around Earth

we dont know how he did it since all his writings were destroyed

by raining dense helium droplets from higher to lower altitudes, resembling the process of differentiation

nuclear fusion in the core

internal friction due to its high rotation rate

chemical processes

radioactive decay

comets formed from the jovian nebula, while asteroids did not

asteroids are much larger than comets

comets are much larger than asteroids

asteroids and comets formed at different times

asteroids formed inside the frost line, while comets formed outside

all galaxies outside the Local Group are moving away from us, and the farther away they are, the faster they're going.

all galaxies contain billions of stars, and all galaxies have spiral shapes.

all galaxies were born at the same time, and all will die at the same time.

all galaxies outside the Local Group are orbiting the Local Group.

all galaxies outside the Local Group are moving away from us, and all are moving away at nearly the same speed.

its made of a different composition than Saturn, including a higher proportion of hydrogen compounds and rocks

its core is much larger than saturns

the extra mass of jupiter compressed its interior to a greater extent than that of Saturn

it has a greater proportion of helium to hydrogen compared to Saturn

it is unknown why this is so

it was made by our Sun

it was produced by nuclear fusion in stars

it was produced in the Big Bang

it was made by nuclear fission of uranium and other radioactive materials

it was created by chemical reactions in interstellar space

comet sizes are unknown because their tails obscure the nucleus

1km

1000km

100km

10km

asteroid

meteor

meteorite

comet

possibly any of the above

a star that is close to the north celestial pole

a star that is close to the south celestial pole

a star that always remains above your horizon

a star that is visible from the Arctic or Antarctic circles

a star that makes a daily circle around the celestial sphere

The hydrogen gas in the Sun is balanced so that it never rises upward or falls downward.

The Sun always has the same amount of mass, creating the same gravitational force.

There is a balance within the Sun between the outward push of pressure and the inward pull of gravity.

This is another way of stating that the Sun generates energy by nuclear fusion.

The Sun maintains a steady temperature

the tropic of cancer

the equator

the antarctic circle

the arctic circle

the tropic of capricorn

chemical processes

radioactive decay

internal friction due to its high rotation rate

nuclear fusion in the core

by contracting, changing gravitational potential energy into thermal enery

the core mass decreased with the mass of the planet

the composition changes from mostly ammonia in Jupiter and Saturn to mostly methane in Uranus and Neptune

the composition changes from mostly hydrogen in Jupiter and SAturn to mostly helium in Uranus and Neptune

all have cores of about the same mass, but differ in the amount of surrounding hydrogen and helium

all have about the same amount of hydrogen and helium but the proportion of rocks is greater in those planets closer to the Sun

1 million

100 thousand

10 million

10 thousand

100 million

asteroids are rocky bodies and are denser than comets, which are made of icy material

asteroids and comets are both made of rocky and icy material but asteroids are smaller in size than comets

asteroids are made of icy material and are less dense than the comets, which are rockier

asteroids are made of icy material and denser than the comets which are more rocky

asteroids are rocky bodies and are less dense than the comets which are made of icy material

small asteroids have odd shapes because they were all chipped off larger objects

large asteroids were once molten and therefor became spherical, but small asteroids were never molten

the strength of gravity on small asteroids is less than the strength of the rock

large asteroids became spherical because many collisions chipped off pieces until only a sphere was left; this didnt occur with small asteroids

accretion took longer further from the Sun, so the more distant planets formed their cores later and captured less gas from the solar nebula than the closer jovian planets

the more distant planets formed in a cooler region of the solar nebula and therefore contain a greater proportion of ices than the closer jovian planets

the more distant planets had longer to form than the closer planets, since the solar nebula lasted longer at greater distances from the Sun

they differ due to giant impacts at the late stages of planet formation

the solar heating is less for the more distant planets than the closer planets

all asteroids lie in the asteroid belt between mars and jupiter

comets are balls of ice and dust

there are bout 1 million known asteroids in the solar system

only asteroids collide with Earth

most of the trillion of comets in our solar system have tails

weakens by the factor of 4

weakens by a factor of 2

strengthens by a factor of 4

is unaffected

also doubles

boulder-size particle from a comet

microscopic particle of interstellar dust

pea-size particle from a comet

boulder-size particle from an asteroid

pea-size particle from a asteroid

different layers represents clouds made of gases that condense at different temperatures

clouds form randomly, so on average there are always several layers

different layers represent the various regions where the temperature is cool enough for liquid water condense

different gases are present at different altitudes in Jupiter's atmosphere

winds prevent clouds from forming at some altitudes, so we see clouds only at the other altitudes

crescent Earth phase

new Earth phase

first quarter Earth phase

full Earth phase

third quarter Earth phase

it is about the same size but is 10 times more massive

it is the same size and mass

it is about 10 times larger both in size and mass

it is about 10 times larger in size and the same mass

jupiter doesn't have a core- it is made entirely from hydrogen and helium

the suns apparent path along the celestial sphere

the suns daily path across the sky

the constellations commonly used in astrology to predict the future

when the moon passes in front of the SUn

the moons apparent path along the celestial sphere

1 thousand km

10 million km

100 thousand km

10 thousand km

1 million km

an extrasolar planetary system

the moon system around Neptune

The Kuiper belt

the Oort cloud

the asteroid belt

midnight

noon

6AM

9AM

6PM

the extra mass of neptune compresses its interior to a greater extent than that of saturn

it has a different composition than Saturn, including a higher proportion of hydrogen compounds and rocks

its hydrogen is molecular, whereas Saturn hydrogen is stomic

it has a greater proportion of hydrogen than saturn

its not denser than saturn

1 billion

10 billion

100 million

100 billion

100 trillion

inside Jupiters orbit

near the jovian planets

all of the above

within the solar nebula, but far outside the orbit of Pluto

outside Neptune's orbit

photosynthesis from single-celled organisms

atmospheric bombardment

oxidation of surface rocks

photosynthesis from plant life

alternating regions of charged particles in Jupiters magnetic field

alternating bands of rising and falling air at different latitudes

cyclonic and anticyclonic storms

names for different cloud layers on Jupiter

the thermosphere and stratosphere respectively

If even a single new fact is discovered that contradicts what we expect according to a particular theory, then the theory must be revised or discarded.

A theory is a model designed to explain a number of observed facts.

A theory cannot be taken seriously by scientists if it contradicts other theories developed by scientists over the past several hundred years.

A theory can never be proved beyond all doubt; we can only hope to collect more and more evidence that might support it.

A theory must make predictions that can be checked by observation or experiment.

methane reacts with the abundant ammonia clouds in jupiter and saturn

methane did not exist in the solar nebula at the radii of Jupiter and Saturn when the planets formed

methane doesnt condense into ice in the warmer atmospheric temperatures of Jupiter and saturn

the greater gravitational force of jupiter and saturn prevents the methane from rising to the upper edges of the atmosphere

the relatively slow rotation of Uranus and Neptune allows methane to migrate to higher levels in the atmosphere and condense into clouds

inside Jupiters orbit

between the orbits of jupiter and neptune

in the asteroid belt

in the Oort cloud

near the radius at which they orbit today

their rapid rotation flings the mass near the equator outward

their large systems of moons and rings gravitationally attract the mass around the equator

their internal heat sources exert a pressure against the sides of the planets

they are much more massive than the terrestrial planets

all of the above

earth is placed at the center of the celestial sphere

from any location on earth we can see only half the celestial sphere at any one time

the celestial sphere is just another name for our universe

the celestial sphere doesnt exist physically

when we look in the sky the stars all appear to be located on the celestial sphere