ATI-1

1.

1 point

Aetiology of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:

diarrhea

renal impairment

enteral nutrition

loss of pancreatic juice through drainage

2.

1 point

Regarding Ca2+ :

has a role in blood clotting

affects muscle tone

resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers

has a role in some neurotransmitters release—SOME?

3.

1 point

In respiratory acidosis main ABG changes:

pH is decreased

PaO2 is increased

PaCO2 is increased

HCO3 is normal

4.

1 point

Regarding K+ all of the following are correct EXCEPT:

most abundant in extracellular fluid

maintaning normal extracellular fluid volume

helps in regulating the pH of the body fluids when exchanged for H+

controlled by aldosterone

5.

1 point

Criteria for diagnosis of brain death:

reversible coma

absence of cortical function

absence of spinal cord function

hypothermia

6.

1 point

Regarding brain death there are:

loss of respiratory function

hormonal disturbance, diabetes mellitus

hypothermia

preserved vasomotor control

7.

1 point

Clinical picture of hypokalemia

diarrhea

muscle cramps

fatigue

vomiting

8.

1 point

Urinary Na+ values in non-renal causes of hyponatremia :

Na+ in urine < 10 mEq/L

Na+ in urine > 20 mEq/L

Na+ in urine > 10y mEq/L

Na+ in urine > 15 mEq/L

9.

1 point

Clinical picture of alkalosis

renal: polyuria, polydypsia

cardiovascular: -ve inotropic ventricular effect

CNS : lethargy, seizures --?tetany seizures

respiratory: hyperventilation with attendant hypercapnea and hypoxia

10.

1 point

All of the following are intensive care measures in brain death except:

support of body homeostasis

maintaning cellular oxygenation

providing hemodynamic stability

maintaning a state of hypermetabolism

11.

1 point

Regarding cardiovascular effects of acidemia:

increase myocardial contractility

vasodilatation

increasing pulmonary vascular resistance

decreasing C.O.P

12.

1 point

Regarding Na+ :

most abundant ion in ICF

controlled by aldosterone

affects osmotic pressure

one of the organic ions found in the body fluid

13.

1 point

All of the following are true regarding neurological examinations of brain death except:

short term coma

absent corneal reflex

positive apnea test

presence of knee flexion reflex

14.

1 point

All of the following are causes of respiratory acidosis except:

acute COPD

upper airway obstruction

Guiilanne barre syndrome

drugs such as amphetamine

15.

1 point

Describing the locked-in syndrome all of the following are true EXCEPT:

coma

preserved eye movement

complete paralysis

paralysed eye muscles

16.

1 point

All of the following are true regarding the aetiology of hypercalcemia EXCEPT:

hyperparathyroidism

milk-alkali syndrome

diarrhea

hyperaldosteronism

17.

1 point

All of the following are true regarding causes of brain death EXCEPT:

acute renal failure

tumors

fulminant hepatic necrosis

cerebro-vascular injury

severe head trauma

18.

1 point

Which of the following are first tine defence against pH shift:

bicarbonate

phosphate

renal buffering mechanism

respiratory buffering mechanism

19.

1 point

In metabolic acidosis main ABG changes:

pH is increased

HCO3 is decreased

PaO2 is normal

pH is decreased

20.

1 point

All of the following are extracellular buffers EXCEPT:

proteins

carbonic acid/bicarbonate

hemoglobin

phosphoric acid/hydrogen phosphate

21.

1 point

Hormones playing major role in phosphorus regulation are:

thyroid hormone

ADH

parathyroid hormone

calcitrol

22.

1 point

Causes of metabolic alkalosis:

stroke

vomiting

severe hypokalemia

pulmonary embolism

23.

1 point

Regarding the pathophysiology of metabolic acidosis all of the following are true EXCEPT:

increased endogenous acid production

hypoventilation of obesity

loss of HCO3

accumulation of acids produced by metabolism

24.

1 point

Among brain stem reflexes all of the following are true except:

pupillary reflex

pharyngeal reflex

tracheal reflex

patellar reflex

25.

1 point

All of the following should be excluded before diagnosis of brain death EXCEPT:

hyperthermia

drug intoxication

hypotension

neuromuscular blocking agents

acid-base disorders

26.

1 point

Regarding minimally responsive state” static encephalopathy”

preserved brain stem

localised brain injury

apnea

variable interaction with environmental stimuli

27.

1 point

Regarding treatment of hyperkalemia :

infusion of insulin and glucose will drive potassium intracellulary

eliminate potassium supplement and/or potassium sparing diuretics

cation exchange resins

dialysis is required in severe renal failure

28.

1 point

Clinical picture of hypocalcemia:

chvostek’s sign

doll’s eye movement

tetany

convulsions

29.

1 point

The intracellular fluid compartment resembles:

55% of total body water

45% of total body water

65% of total body water

70% of total body water

30.

1 point

Which of the following statements describe persistent vegetative state:

disturbed sleep-awake cyle

non-responsiveness to external stimuli

preserved brain stem functions

diffuse brain injury