Ch 22 Test

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse.

Acronym for the Soviet government agency that administered forced labor camps.

Revolutionary leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008 who gradually turned to Soviet communism and engendered some of the worst crises of the cold war.

A massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed “enemies of the people”; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag.

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death; His name means “made of steel.”

Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy.

Mao Zedong’s great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that he believed had developed in China.

The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow by the communists in 1949.

Major Chinese initiative (1958–1960) led by Mao Zedong that was intended to promote small-scale industrialization and increase knowledge of technology; in reality, it caused a major crisis and exacerbated the impact of a devastating famine.

Long revolutionary process in the period 1912–1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of “openness,” which allowed greater cultural and intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media; the result was a burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system.

Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin.

Bold economic program launched in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev with the intention of freeing up Soviet industry and businesses.

Political and ideological state of near-war between the Western world and the communist world that lasted from 1946 to 1991.

Russian revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist Party.

Soviet organization intended to control the policies and actions of other communist states.

Process of rural reform undertaken by the communist leadership of both the USSR and China in which private property rights were abolished and peasants were forced onto larger and more industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than as individuals.

Wall constructed by East German authorities in 1961 to seal off East Berlin from the West; it was breached on November 9, 1989.

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964.

Chairman of China’s Communist Party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death in 1976.

The main leader of Russia’s communist revolution and head of the Soviet state from 1917 until his death.

Military alliance of the USSR and the communist states of Eastern Europe during the cold war.

Wave of anticommunist fear and persecution that took place in the United States in the 1950s.