American Federal Government Chapter 8

do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.

are not also actively lobbying the federal government on behalf of the position taken in the issue ad.

present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads.

do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate's own campaign organization.

are willing to publicize their membership lists.

citizen

free rider

lobbyist

political activist

subject

engaging in institutional advertising, activating issue networks, and directly lobbying judges

filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group

working with 527 committees, directly lobbying judges, and engaging in institutional advertising

breaking apart iron triangles, directly lobbying judges, and starting political action committees.

directly lobbying judges, using direct-mail solicitations, and making campaign contributions to members of Congress

to build better networks between interest groups and political parties

to raise and distribute money to election campaigns

to produce and carry out an institutional advertising campaign

to raise grassroots supports for a particular interest

to organize and coordinate a strategy of litigation

interest groups are factions that endanger liberty.

democracy is best served by legalizing and regulating the influence of interest groups.

interests should be free to compete with each other for governmental influence.

the public good should always trump individual interests.

interest groups are factions that endanger political and economic equality.

Interests inherently present a danger to liberty.

All interests are not equally free to compete for influence in the US.

Competition among interests will produce extreme public policy with one interest dominating all others.

Every interest should not be free to complete for influence in the US.

Competition among interests will produce balance with all interests regulating each other.

very close links with the national news media, direct ties to a member of Congress, a headquarters in Washing DC and members.

direct ties to a member of Congress, a rigid hierarchical structure, very close links with national news media, and members.

leadership, a rigid hierarchical structure, access to loans from the Federal Reserve, and members.

very close links with national news media, connections with Hollywood, direct ties to the president of the US, and members.

leadership, money, an agency or office, and members.

members of Congress are presented with many opportunities to amend a piece of legislation.

the benefits of a group's actions are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers.

the government subsidizes most forms of transportation in the US.

members of Congress listen only to organized interest groups and not to public-opinion polls.

the benefits of a group's actions are available only to a specific segment of society.

there are no measurements of interests and needs outside of representation.

there are no constitutional means for unorganized interests to compete for attention.

there are no legitimate interests that do not already have representation.

these interests often want to stay hidden from public view.

there are no organizations that can present their identities and demands.

they were the first political associations to use the strategy of direct mailing.

unlike other interest groups, they have no membership requirements and allow any member of the public to join.

they were the first group to abandon lobbying and take up only grassroots activism.

unlike other interest groups, their status is like that of charity, not political organization.

they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests.

legitimacy

legal assistance

money

information

campaign workers

its inherent propensity for compromise, the character of which tends to be antidemocratic

that its ideals are too closely associated with Marxist-Leninist ideology and are therefore unacceptable to the majority of Americans

that it favors the interests of large states over those of small states

its class bias in favor of those with greater financial resources.

that it gives too much influence to religious organizations and therefore threatens the separation of church and state

causes a subsequent expansion in government.

is a response to a decrease in the size and activity of government.

is a direct result of a more broadly defined First Amendment freedom of association.

is due to the decline in the US' multiparty system.

is a response to an increase in size and activity of government.

making illegal campaign contributions to government officials.

an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through phone calls or e-mails, on members of Congress or a state legislature.

an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of Congress or a state legislature.

an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through advertisements and media coverage, on members of Congress or state legislature.

the act of working on a re-election campaign.

racial and ethnic minorities.

government bureaucrats

the powerless

the working classes

the upper classes