Rad protection ch 6 part 2

1.

1 point

Characteristics of chromosomal aberrations include:

One daughter cell is affected

Radiation occurs early in interphase

Occurs late in interphase

Original break is duplicated during DNA synthesis

After DNA synthesis

Both daughter cells exhibit this damage

2.

1 point

Results in: DNA molecule can repair itself

Malignant disease

Cell death

Reversible damage

Mutation

3.

1 point

An uncharged molecule containing a single unpaired electron in the outer shell

ion

isotope

Free radical

Positron

4.

1 point

What is true about single stand breaks in DNA?

Common with low LET radiation

Less easily repaired

Repair enzymes are capable of reversing the damage

More common with high LET radiation

Also called a point mutation

5.

1 point

The direct effect is explained by the __________

target theory

recovery

point lesion

dissociation

6.

1 point

______________ increases the possibility of direct effect

lower LET radiation

Higher LET radiation

7.

1 point

Characteristics of chromotid aberration include:

Occurs late in interphase

One daughter cell is affected

Original break is duplicated during DNA synthesis

Radiation occurs early in interphase

Both daughter cells exhibit this damage

After DNA synthesis

8.

1 point

When a double strand break happens in the same rung, two new portions now exist with ___________ information

no

equal

unequal

9.

1 point

Occurs when the ionizing even takes place on the DNA molecule as a direct result of the photon exposure

Indirect effect

Chromosomal aberration

Chromotid aberration

Direct effect

10.

1 point

Chromosomal effects can be viewed microscopically during _______________

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

interphase

11.

1 point

The indirect effect is increase when _______ is present

water

soda

oxygen

nerves

12.

1 point

Main chain scission is more easily repaired than a point lesion

True

False

13.

1 point

Cell dies after one or more divisions; small doses of radiation can produce mitotic death

Reproductive death

Mitotic death

Chromosomal breakage

Mitotic delay

14.

1 point

Main chain scission reduces the size of the macromolecules and reduces the ___________

viscosity

radioprotection

radiosensitivity

15.

1 point

A double strand break in the same rung results in a

point lesion

point mutation

broken chromosome

main chain scission

16.

1 point

________ occurs when the ionization occurs in some molecule other than DNA (usually water) which can then transfer the energy to the DNA molecule

indirect effect

direct effect

17.

1 point

Irradiation of macromolecules can result in one of what 3 major effects?

recovery

cross-linking

oxygen effect

Main chain scission

point lesion

radiolysis

18.

1 point

1 Rad can produce ________ if delivered right before the division begins; after delay, cell could resume normal mitotic activity

interference with function

reproductive death

mitotic death

mitotic delay

19.

1 point

Results in: cell breaks up and fragments are ingested by neighboring cells

mutations

Cell death

Reversible damage

Malignant disease

20.

1 point

What is true about double strand breaks in DNA?

Common with low LET radiation

More common with high LET radiation

Repair enzymes are capable of reversing the damage

Less easily repaired

21.

1 point

Cell is most sensitive in _______

interphase

late synthesis

mitosis

22.

1 point

100 to 1000 Rad; loses ability to procreate; can continue to metabolize and synthesize proteins

Reproductive death

apoptosis

Mitotic delay

mitotic death

23.

1 point

Dose of 100,000 Rad in a period of seconds results in __________

Mitotic delay

Apoptosis

Reproductive death

Instant cell death

24.

1 point

These 2 substances are products of free radicals and are toxic to cells

Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydroperoxyl

Thiazide

Cysteine

25.

1 point

A main chain scission may be self repaired with little or no health consequence UNLESS it is a DNA molecule

True

False

26.

1 point

Characteristics of free radicals include:

lose energy more rapidly

Highly reactive and unstable

produce more ionizations per unit of track

Lifetime of less than 1 ms

Contain excess energy that can be transferred to other molecules and produce point lesions or other bond breaks

More destructive to biologic matter

slow to relinquish energy

can combine to form poisonous substances that are harmful to cells

27.

1 point

Can be permanent or temporary; independent damage from division

chromosomal breakage

interference with function

mitotic death

mitotic delay

28.

1 point

Chemical unions created between atom by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons; caused by high energy radiation

Single strand break

Pyrimidine dimer

Double strand break

Covalent cross links

29.

1 point

If scission does not occur, irradiation may create a _________________

spur like structure extending from main chain

hydroperoxyl

radiolysis

two smaller molecules

30.

1 point

A rupture of one of the chemical bonds, severing one of the side rails of DNA

Single strand break

Double strand break

31.

1 point

Cell is least sensitive in ________

Late synthesis

metaphase

mitosis

32.

1 point

What Two types of anomalies have been observed at metaphase?

Chromosome aberration

Chromatid aberration

Base loss

Base change

33.

1 point

When two molecules with spurs make contact and connect to each other, it is called _________

main chain scission

Cross-linking

dissociation

point lesion

34.

1 point

The time from one mitosis to the next is ________

cell cycle time

survival time

meiosis time

reproduction time

35.

1 point

Approximately _______ of all radiation induced damage is believed to be ultimately caused by the hydroxyl free radical.

two thirds

one third

two fifths

three fifths

36.

1 point

Graph that shows the probability of cell survival decreases as the dose increases

cell survival curve

bell curve

curve 9310

curve 9330

37.

1 point

An Interaction with high energy radiation causes a loss of or change in nitrogenous base on the DNA chain. Causes an alteration of the base sequences and incorrect genetic information to daughter cells. This is called ___________

Covalent cross links

Single strand break

Mutation

Double strand break

38.

1 point

According to target theory, for an x-ray photon to produce death in a cell, its target must be _____

golgi apparatus

DNA

cytoplasm

mitochondria

39.

1 point

____________ suggests that each cell has certain parts that are vital to its life and when a vital cell part is "hit" with a radiation photon the cell will die.

Target theory

Cross linking

Viscosity

Indirect

40.

1 point

Breakage of the long chain molecule is called

cross linking

point lesion

main chain scission

radiolysis

41.

1 point

Direct or indirect interaction that results in break in DNA structure; leads to genetic mutations in future generations

chromosomal breakage

mitotic death

mitotic delay

interference with function

42.

1 point

Result is: Deletions; broken end rearrangement producing a grossly misshapen chromosome; broken end rearrangement without visible damage but has rearrangement of genetic material

Mutations

Malignant Disease

Cell death

Reversible

43.

1 point

HOH+ → H+ + OH*

HOH- → OH- + H*

This process is called

Ionization

Dissociation

44.

1 point

A scission at a single point anywhere in the molecule, usually on one side/strand

Main chain scission

dissociation

cross-linking

Point lesion

45.

1 point

Most radiation damage results from the ________

chromotid aberration

Chromosomal aberration

indirect effect

direct effect

46.

1 point

No change in viscosity is usually seen with a point lesion interaction

True

False

47.

1 point

Result is: radiation induced cancer

mutations

malignant disease

reversible

cell death

48.

1 point

In dissociation, OH* & H* are called _________

ions

positrons

atoms

free radicals

49.

1 point

Programmed death; occurs spontaneously in tissues; blebs

apoptosis

interference with function

mitotic death

mitotic delay