End of Phase (part 4)

1.

1 point

With regards to breast cancer:

The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer is greatest when clinical, imaging and pathological findings are combined

In the absence of tethering to the chest wall, a breast lump is most likely to represent DCIS

In the presence of primary breast cancer, enlarged axillary lymph nodes indicates cancer metastases

Fine Needle Aspiration has a very low false negative rate in the diagnosis of breast cancer

Mammography detects breast cancer because it identifies focal areas of calcification

2.

1 point

Membranes are common features of all cells and organelles. Common feature(s) of all membrane structures are:

Enzymes located between two phospholipid monolayers

A phospholipid bilayer

Steroid hormone receptors

Viral receptor proteins

A rigid cell wall

3.

1 point

Which of the following is correct? The facial nerve:

Emerges from the medulla on the medial surface of the olive

Supplies the parotid gland

Supplies the skin of the face

Supplies the muscle that opens the eye

Carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

4.

1 point

Which of the following antibiotics cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity?

Gentamicin

Penicillin V

Penicillin G

Erythromicin

Metronidazole

5.

1 point

With regards to Metformin, which is most correct?

It is an incretin

It can cause lactic acidosis

It can result in weight gain

It stimulates increased insulin secretion

It can increase cholesterol

6.

1 point

Which ONE of the following symptoms is commonly experienced by individuals with a major depressive disorder?

Marked loss of interest or pleasure in activities that are normally pleasurable

Hearing voices when no one else is around

Periods of elation and psychosis interspersed by periods of depression

Obsessions, intrusions and negative thoughts

Over-breathing and the sensation of palpitations when faced with a feared situation

7.

1 point

Bacterial pili are structures that facilitate:

Chemotaxis

Immune evasion

Movement

Adhesion

Spore formation

8.

1 point

Regarding subdural haemorrhage, which of the following is most correct?

Clears by itself as the blood clot is quickly lysed

Occurs due to berry aneurysms

Results in symptoms similar to meningitis (eg photophobia)

It is more likely to occur if there is pre-existing cerebral atrophy

Caused by shearing of cortical bridging arteries

9.

1 point

A professional football player sustains a blow to the lateral part of his leg just distal to the head of the fibula. Which ONE of the following abnormalities is the player MOST LIKELY to experience as a result of this injury?

Abnormality of sensation in the skin of the dorsal aspect of the foot

Weakness in plantar flexion of the ankle joint

Loss of ability to invert the foot

Weakness in flexion of the toes

Abnormality of sensory sensation in the medial aspect of the leg

10.

1 point

Which ONE of the following vaccine-preventable infections is LEAST LIKELY to present an occupational risk to health-care workers?

Tetanus

Bordatella pertussis

Hepatitis B virus

Varicella virus

Measles virus

11.

1 point

Hormonal changes characteristic of perimenopausal women:

Variable E2 and FSH levels

High FSH

Variable TSH levels

Low E2 levels

High prolactin levels

12.

1 point

Which ONE of the following microscopic features is MOST characteristic of acute inflammation?

Dilated and congested blood vessels

Influx of macrophages, new blood vessels and fibroblasts

Neutrophilic influx

Prominent lymphatic vessels

Fibrinous exudate

13.

1 point

Regarding aspirin poisoning, which is the most correct?

Aspirin poisoning precipitates a metabolic alkalosis

Regarding aspirin poisoning, which is MOST CORRECT: A. In overdose, hepatic metabolism is the primary method of aspirin elimination

Increasing urine volume increases aspirin elimination

In overdose, elimination of aspirin changed from zero order to first order kinetics

Aspirin elimination is optimal (no re-absorption) when urine pH is 7.5

14.

1 point

Which of the following statements regarding the peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is MOST CORRECT? The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is:

Absent in Gram positive bacteria

Thicker in Gram negative bacteria

Similar in all bacteria

Absent in Gram negative bacteria

Thicker in Gram positive bacteria

15.

1 point

Image of the left atrium and ventricle of a 75 year old male after autopsy with two labelled lesions:
1. a yellow infarct
2. A red area of healing.
The central part of the infarct shows the yellow appearance of dead tissue (necrosis), and bordering this there is a narrow grey zone where removal of dead tissue has taken place. The outer reddish area suggests partial healing by early scar tissue

Lesion 2 is haemorrhage

Lesion 2 is a healing response to lesion 1

Lesion 1 would have occurred at least 6 weeks prior to lesion 2

Lesion 2 is fibrinous pericarditis

Lesion 1 would exhibit microscopic liquefactive necrosis

16.

1 point

In a stem plot regarding two cohort studies conducted in exactly the same way, where study one has a wider bar (crossing the line of no difference) and study two has a smaller bar (although it crosses the benefit line)

Study one has a higher power than study two

Study two has a larger sample size and power than study one

Study two had a higher power than study one

The statistical difference is due to differences in statistical method

The statistical differences were due to random variables

17.

1 point

With regard to the following statement about blood histology, select the MOST CORRECT answer. Erythrocytes:

Do not possess any cellular organelles or nucleus

Transport nitrogen

Have an average lifespan of 300 days

Are eventually destroyed in the lymph nodes

18.

1 point

Action potentials in human ventricular myocytes:

Are associated with an influx of extracellular Ca2+ ions into the myocytes

Have a duration of 20 - 30 milliseconds

Are associated with an early increase in the membrane permeability to K+

Have a duration that is similar to that of skeletal muscle myocytes

Are usually triggered by sympathetic nerve activity

19.

1 point

Which ONE of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be a function of the blood?

Transportation of immune system cells

Movement of hormones around the body

Storage of cerebrospinal fluid

Regulation of blood temperature

Chemical buffering

20.

1 point

Which ONE of the following statements is MOST CORRECT?

An agonist is defined as a drug that can block receptors

Pharmacogenomics helps us understand why all patients respond equally well to drugs

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, metabolised and excreted

Pharmacodynamics is the study of how levels of a drug change in the bloodstream over time

21.

1 point

What organisms are most commonly involved in peritonitis and intra abdominal abscess?

Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, Proteus mirabilis

Bacteroides, Enterococcus, E. coli

Clostridium, Enterococcus, E. coli

22.

1 point

With regard to the following statement about the pyloro-duodenal junction, select the BEST answer:

Mucous secreting Brunner's glands are a unique feature of the duodenum

The duodenum has many parietal cells in the intestinal glands

Villi and microvilli are features of the pyloric part of the stomach

There is no band of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the small intestine

The epithelium shifts from stratified squamous in the pylorus to simple columnar in the duodenum

23.

1 point

Which of the following statements regarding cellular swelling is CORRECT? Cellular swelling is:

A late manifestation of cellular injury due to hypoxia

Potentially reversible

Recognized by the accumulation of proteinaceous fluid in nuclear vacuoles

A consequence of increased entry of potassium ions into cells

Associated with the condensation and shrinkage of mitochondria

24.

1 point

Which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT? The process of bacteria being absorbed by cells and fusion with a cell organelle for digestion is:

Endocytosis and fusion with peroxisomes

Phagocytosis and fusion with lysosomes

Fission and fusion with endosomes

Glycolysis and fusion with mitochondria

Apoptosis and fusion with lysosomes

25.

1 point

Which of the following regarding body temperature is correct?

Body temperature is lowest in the early evening

In a hot environment, a subject with high subcutaneous fat levels will have more heat loss by convection

Females have lower body temperatures in the second half of their menstrual cycle

In a cool subject, heat is lost by core-to-skin conduction

Rectal temperature is lower than oral temperature

26.

1 point

Which of the following regarding the volume-pressure loop for the left ventricle is most correct?

The height of the graph represents stroke volume

The right vertical line represents isovolumetric relaxation

The bottom right corner represents the closure of the tricuspid valve

The top left corner represents closure of the aortic valve

The width of the graph represents cardiac output

27.

1 point

Which of the following antibiotics cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity?

Gentamicin

Metronidazole

Erythromicin

Penicillin V

Penicillin G

28.

1 point

Which ONE of the following statements concerning the arteries of the body is MOST CORRECT?

The carotid arteries do not supply the brain

The femoral artery is located in the anterior region of the upper thigh

The brachiocephalic artery is found in the upper limb

The common iliac arteries lie in the lower limb

Both common carotid arteries arise directly from the aorta

29.

1 point

Which structure is between the putamen and thalamus?

External capsule

Genu of internal capsule

External medullary lamina

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

Anterior limb of internal capsule

30.

1 point

Australia's national drug policy has been 'harm minimisation' for 20 years. With regards to this policy, which of the following statements is correct?

Harm minimisation tries to reduce the availability and the adverse consequences of psychoactive drugs

Promoting abstinence has little role in harm reduction

Harm reduction has had little effect on Australia's ability to control HIV among injecting drug users

Harm minimisation applies only to illegal drugs

Harm minimisation accepts that increasing consumption of illegal drugs is inevitable

31.

1 point

What are the major nitrogenous constituents of urine?

Creatine phosphate, urea, uric acid

Creatinine, ammonia, urea

Ammonia, creatinine, urea

Uric acid, creatinine, urea

Ammonia, urea, uric acid

32.

1 point

Which one of the following statements concerning HIV infection in a medical student is correct?

Providing tests show that the student is not infectious, the student would be able to participate in all forms of surgery

Any student with HIV would be reported to the dean and excluded from studying medicine

A student with HIV would not be able to practice medicine following graduation

The student would be unable to participate in exposure-prone procedures

The HIV status of the student must be reported to the teaching hospital

33.

1 point

What happens when the left side of the spinal cord is cut at the lumbar area (spinal hemi-lesion)?

Loss of contralateral thermal sensation, and ipsilateral tactile sensation below the lesion

Contralateral loss of tactile sensation below the lesion

No loss of sensation

Loss of ipsilateral thermal sensation and contralateral tactile sensation

Ipsilateral loss of noicioception below the lesion

34.

1 point

Which of the following is true about the loop of Henle?

The osmolarity of urine after the thick ascending limb is 1200mOsm/kg

Both the thick and thin ascending limbs are permeable to water

Active Na+ absorption takes place in the thick ascending limb, which is impermeable to water

Active Na+ absorption occurs in the thin ascending loop

Only juxtaglomeruli cells have loops of Henle

35.

1 point

Which ONE of the following would involve the sympathetic nervous

system?

Decreased heart rate

Pupil dilation

Production of sperm cells

Increased secretion by stomach glands

Increased intestinal motility

36.

1 point

Man presents with a background of alcoholism, and a presenting complaint of acute pancreatitis, which has led to pancreatic exocrine failure. Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result?

Hypoglycaemia

Vitamin A toxicity because of liver cirrhosis

Weight loss

Low levels of vitamin C

Oily stools due to malabsorption of fat

37.

1 point

From the list of vaccines, select the ONE that is MOST LIKELY to cause a mild infection, especially in patients with an impaired immune system:

Influenza virus

Pertussis

Varicella virus (chicken pox)

Hepatitis B virus

Diptheria

38.

1 point

Regarding the SERM Raloxifene, which one of these is incorrect?

It causes an increase in osteoblast activity

It is an agonist to oestrogen receptors in the uterus

It is an agonist to oestrogen receptors in the bone

It is an antagonist in the oestrogen receptors of the mammary glands

It causes a decrease in osteoclast activity

39.

1 point

Regarding the nervous system, select the ONE BEST or MOST APPROPRIATE statement:

The autonomic nervous system controls skeletal muscles in the body

The peripheral nervous system conveys information mainly away from the central nervous system

The peripheral nervous system includes motor and sensory nerves and sensory ganglia

The CNS is located in the centre of the body

The somatic nervous system is concerned with internal organs of the body

40.

1 point

Choose the correct order of the following steps for BEST evidence-based practice.

i. Formulate the question
ii. Monitor therapy and evaluate your own performance
iii. Carry out search
iv. Apply the evidence to the individual patient’s needs
v. Define the clinical problem that the patient faces
vi. Appraise the appropriate evidence

vi, v, i, iii, iv, ii

ii, vi, v, i, iii, iv

i, iii, v, vi, ii, iv

i, v, iii, vi, ii, iv

v, i, iii, vi, iv, ii

41.

1 point

Multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is most commonly responsible for which of the following hospital acquired infections?

Joint infections

Septicaemia

Urinary tract infection

Pneumonia

Wound infection

42.

1 point

Which ONE of the following statements is MOST CORRECT? DNA consists of:

A pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of two possible nitrogenous bases

pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four possible nitrogenous bases attached to a histone molecule

A pentose sugar and one of four possible nitrogenous bases

A pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four possible nitrogenous bases

Strings of 20 different amino acids

43.

1 point

Which one of the following groups of cells or tissues best describes the complete mucosal layer of the stomach?

Epithelium and lamina propria

Gastric glands, muscularis propria and serosa

Mucous secreting cells, parietal cells and chief cells

Surface epithelium, chief cells, lamina propria and submucosa

44.

1 point

Regarding virtue ethics, which of the following is incorrect?

Virtue ethics consist of good characteristics which produce positive outcomes

Virtue ethics are still widely practiced

Self-control, pride, greed and compassion are virtues

Ideal excellence and dedication are important to fulfill the a virtuous role in society

Issues about virtue ethics nowadays occur when the intention is virtuous, but the action may be unethical

45.

1 point

Which of the following regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus is most correct?

It results form destruction of the pancreatic beta cells

It is often associated with impaired thyroid and adrenal function

It is characterised by anti-islet cell antibodies

It is primarily triggered by environmental factors

It is typically preceded by impaired glucose tolerance

46.

1 point

Which ONE of the following statements about fluid movement is MOST CORRECT?

Hydrophobic molecules can cross the cell membrane without protein assistance more easily than polar molecules

The rate at which water molecules cross the capillary wall by diffusion is less than the rate due to net filtration pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is greater at the venule end of a capillary than at the arteriole end

Channel proteins embedded in the cell membrane make it harder for ions to cross the membrane

Blood moves around the circulatory system by osmotic pressure

47.

1 point

Which of the following statements regarding potassium and its handling by the kidney is most correct?

It is mainly reabsorbed in the distal tubule

It is the main extracellular cation

It always undergoes net secretion

The intracellular concentration is 4 - 5 mmol/L

It is secreted by the principal cells in the collecting duct

48.

1 point

Which one of the following descriptions of cell organelle function is most accurate?

The Golgi apparatus is the site of protein synthesis

The lysosome is the major vesicle of cell secretion

The nucleus is the compartment where protein synthesis occurs

Peroxisomes are the vesicles of transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum occurs in two distinct functional types

49.

1 point

Which is the most common organism associated with otitis media?

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumonia

Bordatella pertussis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Rhinovirus

50.

1 point

A doctor prescribes an anti-anxiety drug which reduces the ability of nerve cells involved in mediating stress to respond with action potentials.
Which ONE of the following drugs would be expected to REDUCE action potentials in these nerve cells?

A drug which enhances the ability of sodium ions to enter these nerve cells

A drug which causes the membrane potential of those nerve cells to reach threshold

A drug which causes those nerve cells to be depolarized by a coupld of mV

A drug which enhances the ability of chloride ions to enter these nerve cells

A drug which reduces the ability of potassium ions to leave these nerve cells