nutrition 3

1.

1 point

Which of the following inhibits absorption of calcium?

Oxalates in green vegetables, tea, and cocoa

Phytates in whole grains and nuts

Vitamin D in dairy products

All of the above

A and B, but not C

2.

1 point

Peak bone mass in people is typically achieved when?

During puberty

Around 20-25 years of age

Around 50-55 years of age

Around 70-75 years of age

3.

1 point

Niacin deficiency causes diarrhea, dementia, death, and what other problem?

Degeneration of the spinal cord

Osteoporosis

Pellagra Dermatitis

Xerophthalmia

Goiter

4.

1 point

Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption?

Vitamin D

Vitamin B6

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

5.

1 point

Vitamin C and vitamin E are both...

Antioxidants

Synthesized in cells

Water-soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins

6.

1 point

Which is NOT true about active transport of minerals and vitamins across intestinal cells?

It usually requires a membrane transport protein

It usually requires energy

It often is affected by the current status of the person for that mineral or vitamin

It can occur between intestinal cells (paracellular)

All are true

7.

1 point

Calcium and phosphorus are mineral components of what compound that is the primary component of bone?

Osteoclasts

Hydroxyapatite

Osteoblasts

Rickets

8.

1 point

Many people in the United States have insufficient or deficient vitamin D status. Which of the following could contribute to low vitamin D status in a person?

Daily use of sunscreen

Dark skin color

Low consumption of dairy products

Old age

All of the above

9.

1 point

Which is correct about the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

They cross the intestinal cell and directly enter the blood in chylomicrons

They cross the intestinal cell and directly enter the blood alone

They cross the intestinal cell and directly enter the lymphatic system in chylomicrons

They cross the intestinal cell and directly enter the lymphatic system alone

10.

1 point

In adults, deficiency of vitamin D or calcium leads to what disease?

Osteopenia

Osteoporosis

Rickets

All of the above

A and B, but not C

11.

1 point

What is pernicious anemia?

Severe thiamin deficiency caused by alcoholism that impairs absorption of dietary thiamin in the small intestine

Severe vitamin B12 deficiency caused by an autoimmune disorder that impairs production of intrinsic factor and prevents vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

Severe folate deficiency caused by malabsorption of dietary folate in the small intestine

Severe vitamin B12 deficiency caused by loss of stomach acid (atrophic gastritis) that reduces the ability to extract vitamin B12 from foods during digestion

12.

1 point

Which of these groups tend to have a higher risk of salt sensitivity and consequent high blood pressure?

African-Americans

Elderly

People with hypertension, diabetes, and/or chronic kidney disease

All of the above

13.

1 point

Which of the following is a form of thiamin deficiency?

Wet beri beri

Dry beri beri

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

All of the above

A and B, but not C

14.

1 point

Which of the following is the active form of vitamin D?

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

25-hydroxyvitamin D3

1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol)

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

15.

1 point

Which of the following is a form of vitamin B3?

Nicotinamide

Niacin

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

All are forms of vitamin B3

16.

1 point

What disease in British sailors was cured by feeding them lemons and limes?

Scurvy

Xerophthalmia

Rickets

Pellagra

17.

1 point

Which of the following is the active cofactor form of vitamin B1?

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Thiamin hydrochloride (THCl)

Thiamin hydroxide (TOH)

Thiamin (T)

All are active cofactor forms of vitamin B1

18.

1 point

The RDA values for which set of vitamins and minerals are between 1 and 100 mg/day?

Folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper

Chloride, magnesium, thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, vitamin K

Iron, zinc, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E

Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus

19.

1 point

The RDA values for which set of vitamins and minerals are <1 mg/day?

Folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper

Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus

Iron, zinc, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E

Chloride, magnesium, thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, vitamin K

20.

1 point

Which two minerals work together to control fluid balance in the body?

Sodium and phosphorus

Sodium and iron

Sodium and chloride

Sodium and zinc

21.

1 point

Calcium level in your blood has decreased. In response your parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone (PTH). Which of the following will occur in response to PTH?

Calcium will be released from your bones

Calcium excretion in your urine will decrease

Your kidneys will produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium absorption will increase

Your blood calcium levels will increase

All of the above

22.

1 point

Vitamin A deficiency causes what disease?

Pellagra Dermatitis

Goiter

Degeneration of the spinal cord

Xerophthalmia

Osteoporosis

23.

1 point

If a person is lactose intolerant, what would be good dietary sources of calcium?

Milk

Eggs

Fish

Tomatoes

24.

1 point

The RDA values for which set of vitamins and minerals are >100 mg/day?

Chloride, magnesium, thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, vitamin K

Iron, zinc, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E

Folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper

Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus

25.

1 point

What is the active cofactor form of vitamin B6?

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxal

Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate

4-Pyridoxic acid

26.

1 point

Phosphorus level in your blood has increased. In response your thyroid gland produces calcitonin. Which of the following will occur in response to calcitonin?

Phosphorus uptake into bones is stimulated

Uptake of phosphorus by the kidneys is reduced

Phosphorus levels in blood decrease

All of the above

27.

1 point

When you drink too much water without salt or glucose during exercise, you can develop what potentially lethal condition?

Hypokalemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypervitaminosis A

Hyponatremia

28.

1 point

When determining total dietary and supplement intake of folate, we use "dietary folate equivalents" or "DFEs". Why do we do this?

Because folate in foods is more bioavailable than folic acid from supplements

Because folate in foods and folic acid in supplements are equally bioavailable

Because folic acid from supplements is more bioavailable than folate in foods

Because nutritionists want to make it hard for nutrition students

29.

1 point

Which of the following is a recommendation that helps reduce your risk of cancer?

Maintain a healthy body weight

Limit consumption of energy-dense foods and sweetened beverages

Limit intake of red meat and processed meat

All of the above

30.

1 point

The active form of vitamin D induces the expression of what protein that binds calcium in the intestinal cell?

Ergocalciferol

Cholecalciferol

Calbindin

Calcitriol

31.

1 point

Coenzyme A (CoA) is the active form of which vitamin?

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

32.

1 point

Vitamin B12 supplements are converted by the body into these two active cofactor forms of vitamin B12...

Methyltetrahydrofolate and N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate

Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin

Dihydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate

Cyanocobalamin and hydroxycobalamin

33.

1 point

What substance found in liver is used to treat pernicious anemia?

Vitamin B6

Iron

Folate

Vitamin B12

34.

1 point

Drinking lots of cola on a daily basis could decrease bone density and increase one’s risk of bone fractures. Which mineral found in colas could be responsible for this?

Phosphorus

Selenium

Iron

Vitamin B12

35.

1 point

In general, as cola consumption increases, what happens to bone density?

Bone density increases

Bone density decreases

Bone density stays constant

None of the above

36.

1 point

What is the DASH diet?

A diet consisting mainly of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and lean meat

A low-salt diet intended to lower blood pressure

A diet intended to prevent hypertension

All of the above

A and B, but not C

37.

1 point

What vitamin converts superoxide anions ("bad oxygen") to hydrogen peroxide ("not so bad oxygen")?

Vitamin B1

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

38.

1 point

Which micronutrient is important for the production of energy (i.e. ATP)?

Biotin (B7)

Pantothenic acid (B5)

Thiamin (B1)

All of the above

None of the above

39.

1 point

Which of the following is a possible consequence of folate deficiency?

Macrocytic anemia

Neural tube defects (NTDs)

Hyperhomocysteinemia

All of the above

A and B, but not C

40.

1 point

In children, deficiency of vitamin D or calcium leads to what disease?

Osteopenia

Osteoporosis

Rickets

All of the above

A and B, but not C

41.

1 point

Which nutrient plays a major role in maintaining body temperature?

Water

Vitamin A

Vitamin B12

Magnesium

42.

1 point

Which of the following is a definition of bioavailability?

The amount of a nutrient in a food or supplement that is excreted in the urine and feces after eating

The amount of a nutrient in a food or supplement

The percentage of a nutrient in a food or a supplement that is absorbed and thus can be used by the body

The amount of a nutrient in a food or supplement that is absorbed in the intestine by passive transport

43.

1 point

Which of the following should a vegan consume to obtain vitamin B12?

Beef

Milk

Fish

Vitamin B12 supplement

None of the above. A vegan has enough B12 stored in their body to last a lifetime.

44.

1 point

What kind of anemia is caused by vitamin E deficiency?

Sickle cell anemia

Microcytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Macrocytic anemia

45.

1 point

What kind of anemia is caused by folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies?

Macrocytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Microcytic anemia

Sickle cell anemia